RT Book, Section A1 Weil, P. Anthony A2 Rodwell, Victor W. A2 Bender, David A. A2 Botham, Kathleen M. A2 Kennelly, Peter J. A2 Weil, P. Anthony SR Print(0) ID 1106058453 T1 DNA Organization, Replication, & Repair T2 Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30e YR 2016 FD 2016 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9780071825344 LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1106058453 RD 2023/02/01 AB OBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:Appreciate that the roughly 3 × 109 base pairs of DNA that compose the haploid genome of humans are divided uniquely between 23 linear DNA units, the chromosomes. Humans, being diploid, have 23 pairs of chromosomes: 22 autosomes and two sex chromosomes.Understand that human genomic DNA, if extended end-to-end, would be meters in length, yet still fits within the nucleus of the cell, an organelle that is only microns (μ; 10−6 meters) in diameter. Such condensation in DNA length is induced following its association with the highly positively charged histone proteins resulting in the formation of a unique DNA-histone complex termed the nucleosome. Nucleosomes have DNA wrapped around the surface of an octamer of histones.Explain that strings of nucleosomes form along the linear sequence of genomic DNA to form chromatin, which itself can be more tightly packaged and condensed, which ultimately leads to the formation of the chromosomes.Appreciate that while the chromosomes are the macroscopic functional units for DNA transcription, replication, recombination, gene assortment, and cellular division, it is DNA function at the level of the individual nucleotides that composes regulatory sequences linked to specific genes that are essential for life.Explain the steps, phase of the cell cycle, and the molecules responsible for the replication, repair, and recombination of DNA, and understand the negative effects of errors in any of these processes upon cellular and organismal integrity and health.