RT Book, Section A1 Rios, Adan A1 Hagemeister, Fredrick B. A2 Kantarjian, Hagop M. A2 Wolff, Robert A. A2 Koller, Charles A. SR Print(0) ID 8313801 T1 Chapter 41. The AIDS-Related Cancers T2 The MD Anderson Manual of Medical Oncology, 2e YR 2011 FD 2011 PB The McGraw-Hill Companies PP New York, NY SN 978-0-07-170106-8 LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=8313801 RD 2022/05/19 AB The relationship between malignancies and AIDS began changing in 1996 (1,2) when the highly active antiretroviral (HAART) therapy regimens were introduced in the industrial nations. Thanks to the United Nations efforts and to general programs of economic support and philanthropy, HAART has also been successfully introduced into a significant number of developing nations. Africa, the main epicenter of the pandemic, has been the exception, due to the sheer magnitude of the African epidemic. Significant political and social turmoil has hampered the efficiency of these efforts in Africa (3). Prior to 1996, epidemiologists noted that specific malignancies afflicted patients with AIDS, and that the risk of development of a malignancy was directly proportional to the degree of immunodeficiency of the infected host. Before the development of HAART, patients with AIDS could be separated into two groups: patients who would have an opportunistic infection as their first manifestation of AIDS (60%) and those who would have a malignancy as the mode of presentation (40%) (4).