RT Book, Section A1 Fitzgerald, Paul A. A2 Papadakis, Maxine A. A2 Rabow, Michael W. A2 McQuaid, Kenneth R. A2 Gandhi, Monica SR Print(0) ID 1209239265 T1 Thyroid Eye Disease T2 Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 YR 2025 FD 2025 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781266266232 LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1209239265 RD 2024/11/06 AB Thyroid eye disease (TED, Graves orbitopathy) is a syndrome of clinical and orbital imaging abnormalities caused by deposition of mucopolysaccharides and infiltration with chronic inflammatory cells of the orbital tissues, particularly the extraocular muscles. In patients with Graves disease, 26% have clinically apparent eye disease and 6% experience moderate to severe orbitopathy, with the eye being pushed forward by increased retro-orbital fat and eye muscles that have been thickened by lymphocytic infiltration. The severity of eye disease is not correlated with the severity of thyrotoxicosis. In fact, about 10% of patients with thyroid eye disease have no clinical or laboratory evidence of Graves disease at presentation or on long-term follow-up; the absence of laboratory evidence requires consideration of other diagnoses.