RT Book, Section
A1 Fitzpatrick, Meghan E.
A1 Prendergast, Niall T.
A1 Rivera-Lebron, Belinda
A2 Papadakis, Maxine A.
A2 McPhee, Stephen J.
A2 Rabow, Michael W.
A2 McQuaid, Kenneth R.
SR Print(0)
ID 1193146605
T1 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
T2 Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2023
YR 2023
FD 2023
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781264687343
LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1193146605
RD 2024/04/16
AB Abnormal  ventilation  during  sleep  is  manifested  by  apnea  (breath  cessation  for  at  least  10  seconds)  or  hypopnea  (decrement  in  airflow  with  drop  in  hemoglobin  saturation  of  at  least  4%).  Episodes  of  apnea  are  central  if  ventilatory  effort  is  absent  for  the  duration  of  the  apneic  episode,  obstructive  if  ventilatory  effort  persists  throughout  the  apneic  episode  but  no  airflow  occurs  because  of  transient  obstruction  of  the  upper  airway,  or  mixed  if  absent  ventilatory  effort  precedes  upper  airway  obstruction  during  the  apneic  episode.  Pure  central  sleep  apnea  is  uncommon;  it  may  be  an  isolated  finding  or  may  occur  in  patients  with  primary  alveolar  hypoventilation  or  with  lesions  of  the  brainstem.  Obstructive  and  mixed  sleep  apneas  are  more  common  and  may  be  associated  with  life-threatening  cardiac  arrhythmias,  severe  hypoxemia  during  sleep,  daytime  somnolence,  pulmonary  hypertension,  right-sided  heart  failure,  systemic  hypertension,  and  secondary  erythrocytosis.