RT Book, Section
A1 Haynes, Barton F.
A1 Soderberg, Kelly A.
A1 Fauci, Anthony S.
A2 Loscalzo, Joseph
A2 Fauci, Anthony
A2 Kasper, Dennis
A2 Hauser, Stephen
A2 Longo, Dan
A2 Jameson, J. Larry
SR Print(0)
ID 1192562780
T1 Mechanisms of Regulation and Dysregulation of the Immune System
T2 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 21e
YR 2022
FD 2022
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781264268504
LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1192562780
RD 2024/04/25
AB Anergy—A  reversible  tolerance  mechanism  in  which  the  T  or  B  cell  is  in  an  unresponsive  state  following  an  antigen  encounter  but  remains  alive.Chimeric  antigen  receptor  T  cells  (CAR  T)—Synthetic  hybrid  receptors  created  by  recombinant  techniques  that  combine  an  extracellular  domain,  usually  derived  from  an  antibody  single-chain  variable  fragment  (scFv),  with  intracellular  signaling  domains  from  activating  co-stimulatory  molecules  (from  endogenous  T-cell  receptors  [TCRs],  CD28,  or  4-1BB)  that  allow  for  retargeting  of  T  cells  to  antigens  on  malignant  cells.Checkpoint  inhibition  therapy—A  form  of  cancer  immunotherapy  whereby  antibodies  against  T-cell  or  antigen-presenting  cell  regulators  of  immune  cell  inhibition  are  used  to  activate  cytotoxic  T  cells  to  kill  tumor  cells.Co-stimulation  of  T  cells—A  secondary  signal  that  T  cells  require  for  activation  following  presentation  of  peptide  antigen  by  major  histocompatibility  complex  (MHC)  molecules  to  TCRs  on  either  CD4  or  CD8  T  cells.  A  prime  mediator  of  co-stimulation  is  the  T  cell  CD28  molecule  binding  to  B7-1  (CD80,  CD86)  on  antigen-presenting  cells.Cytokines—Soluble  proteins  that  interact  with  specific  cellular  receptors  that  are  involved  in  the  regulation  of  the  growth  and  activation  of  immune  cells  and  mediate  normal  and  pathologic  inflammatory  and  immune  responses.Immune  homeostasis—Balanced  protective  immunity  that  does  not  overreact  to  pathogens  and  harm  the  host,  and  immunity  that  is  not  deficient  and  does  not  predispose  the  host  to  harmful  infections  or  malignancies.Immunoediting—Process  of  immunity  selecting  clones  of  cancer  cells  with  reduced  immunogenicities  resulting  in  tumor  escape.Natural  killer  cells—Lymphocytes  with  cytotoxic  potential  for  host  cells  with  non-self-antigens,  such  as  cells  infected  with  pathogens  or  tumor  cells  expressing  tumor-specific  neoantigens.T-cell  exhaustion—State  of  T  cells  when  the  persistence  of  antigen  disrupts  memory  T-cell  function,  resulting  in  defects  in  memory  T-cell  responses.  Most  frequently  occurs  in  malignancies  and  in  chronic  viral  infections  such  as  HIV-1  and  hepatitis  C.T  regulatory  cells  (Tregs)—CD4  or  CD8  T  cells  regulated  by  the  transcription  factor  FOXP3  that  play  roles  in  downmodulating  B-  and  T-cell  responses  in  peripheral  lymphoid  tissues  to  prevent  deleterious  immune  activation  that  can  lead  to  autoimmune  diseases.Tumor-infiltrating  lymphocytes—Lymphocytes  that  infiltrate  tumors  that  may  be  in  the  exhausted  state  and  upon  which  checkpoint  inhibition  therapy  works.Tumor  neoantigens—Molecules  in  malignant  cells  that  develop  mutations  that  create  non-self-antigens  that  are  recognized  by  host  T  cells  as  non-self  and  against  which  tumor-infiltrating  CD4  and  CD8  T  cells  respond  to  reject  the  tumor.