RT Book, Section
A1 Fitzgerald, Paul A.
A2 Papadakis, Maxine A.
A2 McPhee, Stephen J.
A2 Rabow, Michael W.
A2 McQuaid, Kenneth R.
SR Print(0)
ID 1184697205
T1 Thyroid Eye Disease
T2 Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022
YR 2022
FD 2022
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781264269389
LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1184697205
RD 2023/09/22
AB Thyroid  eye  disease  (Graves  ophthalmopathy)  is  a  syndrome  of  clinical  and  orbital  imaging  abnormalities  caused  by  deposition  of  mucopolysaccharides  and  infiltration  with  chronic  inflammatory  cells  of  the  orbital  tissues,  particularly  the  extraocular  muscles.  In  patients  with  Graves  disease,  20–40%  have  clinically  apparent  eye  disease;  about  5–10%  of  patients  experience  severe  exophthalmos,  with  the  eye  being  pushed  forward  by  increased  retro-orbital  fat  and  eye  muscles  that  have  been  thickened  by  lymphocytic  infiltration.  The  severity  of  eye  disease  is  not  closely  correlated  with  the  severity  of  thyrotoxicosis;  clinical  or  laboratory  evidence  of  thyroid  dysfunction  and  thyroid  antibodies  may  not  be  detectable  at  presentation  or  even  on  long-term  follow-up,  but  their  absence  requires  consideration  of  other  disease  entities.