RT Book, Section
A1 Oliver, Sara E.
A1 Lessa, Fernanda C.
A2 Boulton, Matthew L.
A2 Wallace, Robert B.
SR Print(0)
ID 1182664811
T1 Haemophilus influenzae Infections
T2 Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health & Preventive Medicine, 16e
YR 2022
FD 2022
PB McGraw Hill
PP New York, NY
SN 9781259644511
LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182664811
RD 2024/04/25
AB Haemophilus  influenzae  was  proposed  by  Pfeiffer  in  1892  as  the  etiologic  agent  of  influenza  because  of  its  recovery  from  the  respiratory  tracts  of  persons  with  that  disease.  It  was  later  identified  as  a  major  bacterial  cause  of  pneumonia  and  meningitis  in  children  and  immunocompromised  or  chronically  ill  adults.  H.  influenzae  type  b  (Hib)  was  the  most  common  cause  of  bacterial  meningitis  and  invasive  bacterial  disease  in  children  in  the  United  States  before  the  introduction  of  Hib  polysaccharide-protein  conjugate  vaccines  in  the  late  1980s.  Routine  infant  immunization  against  Hib  has  led  to  the  near  elimination  of  Hib  disease  in  the  United  States.1,2  Of  the  194  WHO  member  countries,  192  (99%)  have  introduced  conjugate  Hib  vaccine,  which  contributed  to  substantial  declines  in  Hib  deaths  globally.3–5  The  success  of  the  Hib  conjugate  vaccines  has  paved  the  way  for  a  new  generation  of  vaccines  against  the  other  major  bacterial  diseases  of  children,  Streptococcus  pneumoniae  and  Neisseria  meningitidis.  However,  in  the  post-Hib  vaccine  era,  increases  in  nonserotype  b  H.  influenzae  infections,  particularly  H.  influenzae  serotype  a  (Hia)  and  nontypeable  H.  influenzae,  have  occurred  in  some  countries,  including  Canada  and  the  United  States.2,6