RT Book, Section
A1 Rodrigues, Charlene M.C.
A1 Handy, Lori Kestenbaum
A1 Haynes, Barton F.
A1 Plotkin, Stanley A.
A2 Boulton, Matthew L.
A2 Wallace, Robert B.
SR Print(0)
ID 1182675367
T1 Vaccine Innovation and Development
T2 Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health & Preventive Medicine, 16e
YR 2022
FD 2022
PB McGraw Hill
PP New York, NY
SN 9781259644511
LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182675367
RD 2024/04/23
AB Vaccine  manufacture  began  in  humble  academic  laboratories  such  as  that  of  Louis  Pasteur  in  the  Rue  d’Ulm  in  Paris1  or  on  the  cow  farms  in  which  vaccinia  was  produced.2  The  results  of  vaccine  application  hardly  needs  emphasis,  and  numerous  data  testify  to  the  impact  of  vaccination  with  regard  to  disease  incidence,  mortality,  and  economics.3–8  However,  by  the  beginning  of  the  twentieth  century,  it  was  obvious  that  a  large  number  of  doses  was  needed  and  that  standardization  was  necessary.  At  first  this  was  accomplished  in  government  laboratories  but  soon  the  scale  of  effort  exceeded  the  personnel  and  facilities,  and  also  the  possibility  of  profit  became  evident,  so  that  manufacture  passed  to  pharmaceutical  laboratories.  These  were  concentrated  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  After  the  Second  World  War,  when  the  number  of  routine  vaccines  increased,  lawsuits  against  vaccine  manufacturers  began  to  increase  sharply.  The  result  was  the  withdrawal  of  some  manufacturers  from  the  vaccine  field,  and  the  contraction  of  the  industry  to  four  major  players:  GlaxoSmithKline,  Merck,  Pfizer,  and  Sanofi.