RT Book, Section A1 Hernandez, German T. A1 Rodriguez, Rudolph A. A2 LaDou, Joseph A2 Harrison, Robert J. SR Print(0) ID 1180877805 T1 Renal Toxicology T2 CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 6e YR 2021 FD 2021 PB McGraw Hill PP New York, NY SN 9781260143430 LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1180877805 RD 2024/03/29 AB In the United States, 726,331 patients were treated for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 2016 at an annual cost near $50 billion in Medicare expenditures. Both the number of patients and the associated costs continue to grow annually. The etiology of the kidney injury in a significant percentage of these patients is never fully elucidated, and the diagnosis of renal disease of occupational origin is rarely considered. The true incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to occupational and environmental exposures in the United States is unknown. However, these exposures represent potentially preventable causes of CKD. Even if occupational and environmental exposures account for only a small percentage of the causes of ESRD in the United States, the significant morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with renal replacement therapy potentially could be prevented.