RT Book, Section A1 Liesveld, Jane L. A1 Lichtman, Marshall A. A2 Kaushansky, Kenneth A2 Prchal, Josef T. A2 Burns, Linda J. A2 Lichtman, Marshall A. A2 Levi, Marcel A2 Linch, David C. SR Print(0) ID 1180447137 T1 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia and Related Disorders T2 Williams Hematology, 10e YR 2021 FD 2021 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260464122 LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1180447137 RD 2024/03/29 AB SUMMARYThe chronic myelogenous leukemias (CMLs) include BCR rearrangement-positive CML, atypical CML, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, and chronic basophilic leukemia. The term chronic, in contrast to acute, once had prognostic implications, but with advent of new treatments, the terms no longer reflect an invariable difference in prognosis. For example, acute myelogenous leukemia in children and young adults has higher remission and cure rates than juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in children or chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in adults. BCR rearrangement-positive CML presents with anemia, exaggerated granulocytosis; a large proportion of myelocytes and mature neutrophils; absolute basophilia; normal or elevated platelet counts; and, frequently, splenomegaly. The marrow is intensely hypercellular, and marrow cells contain the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome in approximately 90% of cases by cytogenetic analysis. A rearrangement of the BCR gene on chromosome 22 is present by molecular diagnostic analysis in approximately 96% of cases that have a classic morphologic appearance. The BCR-rearranged form of the disease usually responds to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), and median survival has been extended significantly. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can cure the disease, especially if the transplantation is applied early in the chronic phase, although this approach is now uncommonly utilized as a result of the beneficial effect of TKI therapy. The effect of stem cell transplantation is related in part to a robust graft-versus-leukemia effect, engendered by donor T lymphocytes. The natural history of the chronic phase is to evolve into an accelerated phase that often terminates in acute leukemia (blast crisis), but the frequency of this progression has been markedly decreased by the application of TKIs. Blast crisis results in a myelogenous leukemic phenotype in 75% of cases and a lymphoblastic leukemic phenotype in approximately 25% of cases. Ph-positive acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) may appear de novo in approximately 1% of cases of AML, and Ph-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) may occur de novo in approximately 20% of cases of adult ALL and approximately 5% of childhood ALL cases. In Ph-positive ALL, the translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 results in the fusion gene encoding a mutant tyrosine kinase oncoprotein that may be identical in size to that in classic CML (210 kDa) in approximately one-third of cases. A smaller mutant tyrosine kinase (190 kDa) is encoded in approximately two-thirds of cases. In children, the cells in approximately 90% of cases contain a 190-kDa mutant tyrosine kinase. These acute leukemias may reflect (a) the presentation of CML in acute blastic transformation without a preceding chronic phase or (b) de novo cases resulting from a BCR-ABL1 mutation occurring in a different early hematopoietic cell from the event in CML or with as yet unidentified modifying gene alterations. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia has variable presenting features. Anemia may be accompanied by mildly or moderately elevated leukocyte counts; an elevated total monocyte count; a low, normal, or elevated platelet count; and sometimes splenomegaly. Although cytogenetic abnormalities may be present, there is no specific genetic marker of the disease. In a small proportion ...