RT Book, Section
A1 Hellmann, David B.
A1 Imboden Jr., John B.
A2 Papadakis, Maxine A.
A2 McPhee, Stephen J.
A2 Rabow, Michael W.
SR Print(0)
ID 1166169802
T1 Thoracic Outlet Syndromes
T2 Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020
YR 2020
FD 2020
PB McGraw-Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260455281
LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1166169802
RD 2022/05/19
AB Thoracic  outlet  syndromes  result  from  compression  of  the  neurovascular  structures  supplying  the  upper  extremity.  Symptoms  and  signs  arise  from  intermittent  or  continuous  pressure  on  elements  of  the  brachial  plexus  (more  than  90%  of  cases)  or  the  subclavian  or  axillary  vessels  (veins  or  arteries)  by  a  variety  of  anatomic  structures  of  the  shoulder  girdle  region.  The  neurovascular  bundle  can  be  compressed  between  the  anterior  or  middle  scalene  muscles  and  a  normal  first  thoracic  rib  or  a  cervical  rib.  Most  commonly  thoracic  outlet  syndromes  are  caused  by  scarred  scalene  neck  muscle  secondary  to  neck  trauma  or  sagging  of  the  shoulder  girdle  resulting  from  aging,  obesity,  or  pendulous  breasts.  Faulty  posture,  occupation,  or  thoracic  muscle  hypertrophy  from  physical  activity  (eg,  weight-lifting,  baseball  pitching)  may  be  other  predisposing  factors.