RT Book, Section A1 Barrett, Kim E. A1 Barman, Susan M. A1 Brooks, Heddwen L. A1 Yuan, Jason X.-J. SR Print(0) ID 1159051758 T1 Neurotransmitters & Neuromodulators T2 Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26e YR 2019 FD 2019 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9781260122404 LK accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1159051758 RD 2024/03/29 AB OBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:List the major types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that are broadly characterized as small-molecule transmitters, large-molecule transmitters, and gas transmitters.Summarize the five common steps involved in the biosynthesis, release, action, and removal from the synaptic cleft of the major small-molecule and large-molecule neurotransmitters.Compare the actions initiated by binding of a neurotransmitter to an ionotropic (ligand-gated) versus metabotropic (G-protein-coupled, GPCR) receptor and identify the second messengers involved in mediating the actions of neurotransmitters that act on GPCRs.Recognize the major distribution of the various types of receptors that mediate the functional responses of the common neurotransmitters: amino acids (glutamate and GABA), acetylcholine, monoamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin), and opioid peptides.List receptor antagonists for each of the common neurotransmitters.Describe the role of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide (CO) in modulating synaptic transmission.Provide examples of how neurotransmitter dysfunction contributes to some neuropathological disorders.