TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Pathogenesis A1 - Mkorombindo, Takudzwa A1 - Dransfield, Mark T. A2 - Grippi, Michael A. A2 - Antin-Ozerkis, Danielle E. A2 - Dela Cruz, Charles S. A2 - Kotloff, Robert M. A2 - Kotton, Camille Nelson A2 - Pack, Allan I. PY - 2023 T2 - Fishman’s Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders, 6e AB - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and alveolar abnormalities. The causative agent is usually significant exposure to noxious particles or gases and influenced by host factors, including abnormal lung development.1 COPD includes a spectrum of pathology that involves damage to the lung parenchyma (emphysema) and abnormalities of the tracheobronchial tree (bronchitis). The manifestation of the disease varies greatly, and despite the knowledge acquired in the past 300 years, our understanding of factors that influence disease phenotypes remains incomplete. In the 16th and 17th centuries, we had the earliest descriptions of COPD, with the description of emphysematous lungs as “voluminous lungs.”2 Later, chronic bronchitis and other features were identified. While different clinical and biologic phenotypes exist, airflow obstruction characterized using spirometry is the hallmark. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1194950117 ER -