TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Amphetamines & Cocaine Overdose A1 - Smollin, Craig A2 - Papadakis, Maxine A. A2 - McPhee, Stephen J. A2 - Rabow, Michael W. A2 - McQuaid, Kenneth R. PY - 2023 T2 - Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2023 AB - Amphetamines and cocaine are widely used for their euphorigenic and stimulant properties. Both drugs may be smoked, snorted, ingested, or injected. Amphetamines and cocaine produce CNS stimulation and a generalized increase in central and peripheral sympathetic activity. The toxic dose of each drug is highly variable and depends on the route of administration and individual tolerance. The onset of effects is most rapid after intravenous injection or smoking. Amphetamine derivatives and related drugs include methamphetamine (“crystal meth,” “crank”), MDMA (“ecstasy”), ephedrine (“herbal ecstasy”), and methcathinone (“cat” or “khat”). Methcathinone derivatives and related synthetic chemicals such as methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) have become popular drugs of abuse and are often sold as purported “bath salts.” Amphetamine-like reactions have also been reported after use of synthetic cannabinoids (eg, “Spice” and “K2”). Nonprescription medications and nutritional supplements may contain stimulant or sympathomimetic drugs such as ephedrine, yohimbine, or caffeine (see also Theophylline & Caffeine section). Increasingly, amphetamines and cocaine may be adulterated with fentanyl or fentanyl analogs resulting in unexpected coma, respiratory depression, and death (see also opioids section). SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1193161538 ER -