TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Dyspnea
A1  - Kotwal, Ashwin
A1  - Starr, Rebecca
A2  - Walter, Louise C.
A2  - Chang, Anna
A2  - Chen, Pei
A2  - Harper, G. Michael
A2  - Rivera, Josette
A2  - Conant, Rebecca
A2  - Lo, Daphne
A2  - Yukawa, Michi
PY  - 2021
T2  - Current Diagnosis & Treatment Geriatrics, 3e
AB  - Dyspnea  is  a  common  symptom  affecting  older  adults,  occurring  in  17%  to  62%  of  community-dwelling  adults  >65  years  old,  with  the  highest  rates  in  those  80  years  and  older.  According  to  Smith  and  colleagues  (2016),  “one  in  four  adults  aged  70  and  older  in  the  United  States  experiences  breathlessness,  which  is  associated  with  lack  of  well-being,  greater  health  services  use,  and  a  40%  greater  risk  of  worsened  function  and  60%  greater  risk  of  death  over  the  next  five  years.”  The  2012  American  Thoracic  Society  consensus  statement  defines  dyspnea  as  “a  subjective  experience  of  breathing  discomfort  that  consists  of  qualitatively  distinct  sensations  that  vary  in  intensity.”  Descriptions  of  dyspnea  can  be  further  classified  into  three  domains:  (1)  sensory-perceptual  experience  (eg,  what  breathing  “feels  like”  to  the  patient),  (2)  affective  distress  (eg,  the  perception  of  immediate  unpleasantness),  and  (3)  symptom  impact  or  burden  (eg,  how  breathing  affects  behaviors,  function,  or  quality  of  life).  Importantly,  dyspnea  is  a  symptom  that  is  self-reported  and  should  be  distinguished  from  clinical  signs  of  respiratory  distress,  such  as  tachypnea,  the  use  of  accessory  muscles,  or  nasal  flaring.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/24
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1180019014
ER  -