TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - The Brainstem and Cranial Nerves
A1  - Berkowitz, Aaron L.
PY  - 2016
T2  - Clinical Neurology and Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Approach
AB  - The  three  levels  of  the  brainstem  from  superior  to  inferior  are  the  midbrain,  pons,  and  medulla.  The  midbrain  is  just  inferior  to  the  bilateral  thalami,  and  the  medulla  transitions  inferiorly  into  the  cervical  spinal  cord.  Most  simply,  the  brainstem  can  be  thought  of  as  a  “spinal  cord  for  the  head  and  neck”:  Just  as  the  spinal  cord  has  sensory  information  coming  in  and  motor  information  going  out  for  the  extremities  and  torso,  the  brainstem  has  sensory  information  coming  in  and  motor  information  going  out  for  the  head  and  neck.  In  addition  to  somatic  sensory  information,  however,  the  brainstem  also  receives  vestibular,  auditory,  taste,  and  visceral  sensory  information.  Motor  functions  of  the  brainstem  include  control  of  ocular,  pupillary,  facial,  laryngeal,  pharyngeal,  and  visceral  musculature.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/18
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1174547503
ER  -