TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease A1 - Hoffman, Erin P. A1 - Murray, Michael F. A1 - Giovanni, Monica A. A2 - Murray, Michael F. A2 - Babyatsky, Mark W. A2 - Giovanni, Monica A. A2 - Alkuraya, Fowzan S. A2 - Stewart, Douglas R. Y1 - 2014 N1 - T2 - Clinical Genomics: Practical Applications in Adult Patient Care AB - Disease summary:Cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by a deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides.CESD is part of the LAL deficiency spectrum. In general, mutations that allow for residual LAL enzyme function result in CESD, while Wolman disease (WD), the infantile fatal form of LAL deficiency, stems from null mutations with no residual enzyme function.Features of CESD are predominantly a consequence of the intracellular accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and other tissues. Biopsy can show sea-blue histiocytes, large Kupffer cells with increased vacuoles, lipid droplets, or cholesterol crystals.Individuals with CESD commonly present with an abnormal lipid profile, which can include increased total cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and high-normal to high triglycerides; liver and/or spleen enlargement; or other types of liver disease such as steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis.Individuals with CESD are at risk for premature atherosclerosis, liver disease, bleeding complications, and intestinal malabsorption.Hereditary basis:CESD is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in LIPA.Variability can be seen in the severity of phenotypes even within families, though both CESD and WD would not be expected within the same sibship.Differential diagnosis:There is overlap in the clinical features of CESD and other LSDs, such as Gaucher disease (GD) and Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). Individuals with NPD may have a similar lipid profile to individuals with CESD, and hepatosplenomegaly is a common feature of all three diseases. Individuals with CESD would not be expected to have the bone disease common to GD or the lung disease common to NPD. Biochemical analysis can distinguish between LSDs.Hyperlipidemia can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. It is important to distinguish between CESD and other genetic causes of hyperlipidemia, such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The lipid profile of FH can include high total cholesterol and LDL levels, with low HDL and normal or high triglyceride levels. FH is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is essential to consider the lipid profile, the inheritance pattern, and the nonlipid associated phenotype when distinguishing between potential genetic etiologies of hyperlipidemia.Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are common features of other storage disorders, such as other LSDs and glycogen storage disorders (GSD). CESD can be distinguished from other storage disorders based on associated features and biochemical analysis.Liver disease in CESD can be misdiagnosed as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or cryptogenic cirrhosis. In the absence of an identifiable cause of liver disease, CESD should be considered.A high index of suspicion for CESD can potentially lead to a specific diagnosis in cases of “idiopathic” liver disease. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1102703432 ER -