TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Thyroid Eye Disease A1 - Fitzgerald, Paul A. A2 - Papadakis, Maxine A. A2 - Rabow, Michael W. A2 - McQuaid, Kenneth R. A2 - Gandhi, Monica Y1 - 2025 N1 - T2 - Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025 AB - Thyroid eye disease (TED, Graves orbitopathy) is a syndrome of clinical and orbital imaging abnormalities caused by deposition of mucopolysaccharides and infiltration with chronic inflammatory cells of the orbital tissues, particularly the extraocular muscles. In patients with Graves disease, 26% have clinically apparent eye disease and 6% experience moderate to severe orbitopathy, with the eye being pushed forward by increased retro-orbital fat and eye muscles that have been thickened by lymphocytic infiltration. The severity of eye disease is not correlated with the severity of thyrotoxicosis. In fact, about 10% of patients with thyroid eye disease have no clinical or laboratory evidence of Graves disease at presentation or on long-term follow-up; the absence of laboratory evidence requires consideration of other diagnoses. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/11/05 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1209239265 ER -