TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Immersion Foot or Trench Foot A1 - Nemer, Jacqueline A. A1 - Juarez, Marianne A. A2 - Papadakis, Maxine A. A2 - McPhee, Stephen J. A2 - Rabow, Michael W. A2 - McQuaid, Kenneth R. Y1 - 2022 N1 - T2 - Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022 AB - Immersion foot (or hand) is caused by prolonged immersion in cold water or mud, usually below 10°C. Prehyperemic stage is marked by early symptoms of cold and anesthesia of the affected area. Hyperemic stage follows with a hot sensation, intense burning, and shooting pains. Posthyperemic stage occurs with ongoing cold exposure; the affected part becomes pale or cyanotic with diminished pulsations due to vasospasm. This may result in blistering, swelling, redness, ecchymoses, hemorrhage, necrosis, peripheral nerve injury, or gangrene. Secondary complications can include lymphangitis, cellulitis, and thrombophlebitis. The condition was first described during trench warfare in World War I. It is most commonly seen in homeless patients. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1184175308 ER -