TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Managing Environmental and Occupational Risks
A1  - Samet, Jonathan M.
A1  - Burke, Thomas A.
A2  - Boulton, Matthew L.
A2  - Wallace, Robert B.
Y1  - 2022
N1  - 
T2  - Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health & Preventive Medicine, 16e
AB  - Risk  refers  to  the  likelihood  that  an  untoward  event  will  occur.  Much  environmental  and  occupational  health  research  is  directed  at  establishing  whether  an  agent  increases  risk  and  by  how  much,  laying  the  foundation  for  control.  There  are  multiple  evidence-based  paths  by  which  the  risks  posed  by  environmental  and  occupational  agents  are  reduced  and  eliminated:  regulatory  actions  directed  at  exposures,  voluntary  actions  by  those  producing  agents  that  pose  a  risk  to  the  population  and  to  workers,  litigation  directed  at  manufacturers  and  vendors  of  toxic  agents,  and  protective  measures  taken  by  individuals  and  communities.  Scientific  evidence  is  central  and  often  pivotal  to  motivating  actions  to  reduce  risk  by  providing:  an  indication  as  to  the  existence  of  a  hazard;  an  understanding  of  the  magnitude  of  the  risk  and  how  it  varies  with  exposure  or  dose;  and  identifying  points  for  interventions  to  reduce  exposures  and  risks.  Uncertainty,  the  complement  to  evidence,  figures  into  decision-making  as  well.  However,  in  actuality,  numerous  factors  beyond  scientific  evidence  and  gaps  in  the  evidence  with  attendant  uncertainty  drive  actions  related  to  policies  on  environmental  and  occupational  agents  (Fig.  78-1).  These  include  stakeholder  interests,  the  range  extending  from  affected  citizens  and  communities  to  the  polluting  parties.  The  power  of  political  influence  and  of  financial  consequences  of  action  need  to  be  acknowledged,  as  does  the  impact  of  citizen’s  voices  and  nongovernmental  organizations.  A  single  figure  cannot  capture  the  multiple  sectors  and  their  interactions  across  the  broad  array  of  regulations  and  stakeholders  that  drive  environmental  and  occupational  health.  This  chapter  provides  a  general  introduction  to  the  management  of  risk  in  these  sectors.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw Hill
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/24
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182673957
ER  -