TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Renal Toxicology
A1  - Hernandez, German T.
A1  - Rodriguez, Rudolph A.
A2  - LaDou, Joseph
A2  - Harrison, Robert J.
Y1  - 2021
N1  - 
T2  - CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 6e
AB  - In  the  United  States,  726,331  patients  were  treated  for  end-stage  renal  disease  (ESRD)  in  2016  at  an  annual  cost  near  $50  billion  in  Medicare  expenditures.  Both  the  number  of  patients  and  the  associated  costs  continue  to  grow  annually.  The  etiology  of  the  kidney  injury  in  a  significant  percentage  of  these  patients  is  never  fully  elucidated,  and  the  diagnosis  of  renal  disease  of  occupational  origin  is  rarely  considered.  The  true  incidence  of  chronic  kidney  disease  (CKD)  secondary  to  occupational  and  environmental  exposures  in  the  United  States  is  unknown.  However,  these  exposures  represent  potentially  preventable  causes  of  CKD.  Even  if  occupational  and  environmental  exposures  account  for  only  a  small  percentage  of  the  causes  of  ESRD  in  the  United  States,  the  significant  morbidity,  mortality,  and  costs  associated  with  renal  replacement  therapy  potentially  could  be  prevented.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw Hill
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/18
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1180877805
ER  -