TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Respiratory Failure A1 - Jameson, J. Larry A1 - Fauci, Anthony S. A1 - Kasper, Dennis L. A1 - Hauser, Stephen L. A1 - Longo, Dan L. A1 - Loscalzo, Joseph Y1 - 2020 N1 - T2 - Harrison's Manual of Medicine, 20e AB - Respiratory failure is defined as inadequate gas exchange due to malfunction of one or more components of the respiratory system. There are two main types of acute respiratory failure: hypoxemic and hypercarbic. Hypoxemic respiratory failure is defined by arterial O2 saturation <90% while receiving an increased inspired O2 fraction. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure can result from pneumonia, pulmonary edema (due to elevated pulmonary microvascular pressures in heart failure and intravascular volume overload, or with normal pulmonary microvascular pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]), and alveolar hemorrhage. Hypoxemia results from ventilation-perfusion mismatch and intrapulmonary shunting. Lung injury in ARDS can be worsened by mechanical ventilation, and lower tidal volumes can reduce lung injury. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1191177395 ER -