TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Freckles & Lentigines
A1  - Shinkai, Kanade
A1  - Fox, Lindy P.
A2  - Papadakis, Maxine A.
A2  - McPhee, Stephen J.
A2  - Rabow, Michael W.
A2  - McQuaid, Kenneth R.
PY  - 2023
T2  - Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2023
AB  - Freckles  (ephelides)  and  lentigines  are  flat  brown  macules,  typically  between  3  mm  and  5  mm  in  diameter  (eFigure  6–4)  (eFigure  6–5).  Freckles  first  appear  in  young  children,  darken  with  UV  exposure,  and  fade  with  cessation  of  sun  exposure.  They  are  determined  by  genetic  factors.  In  adults,  lentigines  gradually  appear  in  sun-exposed  areas,  particularly  the  face,  dorsal  hands,  upper  back,  and  upper  chest,  starting  in  the  fourth  to  fifth  decade  of  life,  and  are  associated  with  photoaging  as  well  as  estrogen  and  progesterone  use.  They  may  have  a  very  irregular  border  (ink  spot  lentigines).  They  do  not  fade  with  cessation  of  sun  exposure.  They  should  be  evaluated  like  all  pigmented  lesions:  if  the  pigmentation  is  homogeneous  and  they  are  symmetric  and  flat,  they  are  most  likely  benign.  They  can  be  treated  with  topical  retinoids  such  as  0.1%  tretinoin  or  0.1%  adapalene,  hydroquinone,  laser/light  therapy,  or  cryotherapy.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1193156610
ER  -