TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Talaromyces (Formerly Penicillium) Marneffei Infections A1 - Rose, Stacey R. A1 - Hamill, Richard J. A2 - Papadakis, Maxine A. A2 - McPhee, Stephen J. A2 - Rabow, Michael W. A2 - McQuaid, Kenneth R. PY - 2022 T2 - Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022 AB - Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium) marneffei, which is endemic in southeast Asia, is a dimorphic fungus that causes systemic infection predominately in immunocompromised hosts, most commonly in patients with advanced AIDS, but increasingly reported in individuals with other immunocompromising conditions, particularly affecting cell-mediated immunity. One-third of cases may occur in otherwise normal persons. Clinical manifestations include fever, generalized umbilicated papular rash, lymphadenopathy, cough, and diarrhea. CNS infection has been reported. Diagnosis is made by identification of the organism on smears or histopathologic specimens, where the organism exhibits division by fission. In culture, the fungus produces a characteristic red pigment. The best sites for isolation of the fungus include the skin, blood, bone marrow, respiratory tract, and lymph nodes. Antigen and antibody tests have been developed in endemic regions. Amphotericin B, 0.7–1.0 mg/kg/day intravenously or liposomal amphotericin B, 3–5 mg/kg/day, if available, are superior to itraconazole for initial therapy and are associated with significantly faster clinical resolution and fungal clearance as well as lower rates of relapse and IRIS (Table 36–1). Parenteral therapy should be continued until patients have had a satisfactory clinical response, at which time they can be switched to itraconazole, 400 mg divided into two doses daily by mouth for 8 weeks. Because the relapse rate after successful treatment is up to 50%, maintenance therapy with itraconazole, 200–400 mg daily orally, is indicated indefinitely, or until immune reconstitution occurs. Criteria for immune reconstitution include greater than 100 CD4 cells/mcL for 6 months or more after the initiation of ART. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1184175147 ER -