TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Vocal Fold Paralysis
A1  - Lustig, Lawrence R.
A1  - Schindler, Joshua S.
A2  - Papadakis, Maxine A.
A2  - McPhee, Stephen J.
A2  - Rabow, Michael W.
A2  - McQuaid, Kenneth R.
PY  - 2022
T2  - Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022
AB  - Vocal  fold  paralysis  can  result  from  a  lesion  or  damage  to  either  the  vagus  or  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve  and  usually  results  in  breathy  dysphonia  and  effortful  voicing.  Common  causes  of  unilateral  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve  involvement  include  thyroid  surgery  (and  occasionally  thyroid  cancer),  other  neck  surgery  (anterior  discectomy  and  carotid  endarterectomy),  and  mediastinal  or  apical  involvement  by  lung  cancer.  Skull  base  tumors  often  involve  or  abut  upon  lower  cranial  nerves  and  may  affect  the  vagus  nerve  directly,  or  the  vagus  nerve  may  be  damaged  during  surgical  management  of  the  lesion.  While  iatrogenic  injury  is  the  most  common  cause  of  unilateral  vocal  fold  paralysis,  the  second  most  common  cause  is  idiopathic.  However,  before  deciding  whether  the  paralysis  is  due  to  iatrogenic  injury  or  is  idiopathic,  the  clinician  must  exclude  other  causes,  such  as  malignancy.  In  the  absence  of  other  cranial  neuropathies,  a  CT  scan  with  contrast  from  the  skull  base  to  the  aorto-pulmonary  window  (the  span  of  the  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve)  should  be  performed.  If  other  cranial  nerve  deficits  or  high  vagal  weakness  with  palate  paralysis  is  noted,  an  MRI  scan  of  the  brain  and  brainstem  is  warranted.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/17
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1184157378
ER  -