TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Poliomyelitis
A1  - Sutter, Roland W.
A1  - Cochi, Stephen L.
A2  - Boulton, Matthew L.
A2  - Wallace, Robert B.
PY  - 2022
T2  - Maxcy-Rosenau-Last Public Health & Preventive Medicine, 16e
AB  - Poliomyelitis,  or  infantile  paralysis,  is  an  acute  contagious  disease  characterized  by  fever,  flaccid  paralysis,  and  muscle  atrophy  as  a  result  of  the  destruction  of  motor  neurons  in  the  spinal  cord  and  less  commonly  the  brain  stem.  Three  serotypes  of  poliovirus  cause  infections  that  result  in  severity  ranging  from  inapparent  illness  to  acute  flaccid  paralysis  (AFP)  and  death.  Paralysis  may  resolve  or  lead  to  permanent  disability  and  deformity.  Decades  after  the  acute  episode,  new  paralysis  or  progressive  weakness  may  appear.1  This  clinical  entity  is  referred  to  as  postpolio  syndrome.  Poliomyelitis  probably  has  afflicted  mankind  for  thousands  of  years,  as  manifested  by  an  Egyptian  stele  originating  from  the  eighteenth  dynasty  (dating  from  1403  to  1365  BC)  that  depicts  a  priest  with  a  typical  leg  deformity.  However,  only  in  1789  was  the  disease  first  described.  Epidemic  poliomyelitis  emerged  as  a  public  health  problem  in  the  United  States  and  Northern  Europe  in  the  late  nineteenth  and  early  twentieth  centuries,  with  tens  of  thousands  of  cases  reported  annually.  Improved  hygiene  and  sanitation  delayed  poliovirus  exposure  to  older  children  and  young  adults  that  were  at  higher  risk  for  severe  paralytic  disease  (“central  polio  dogma”).  Effective  vaccines,  developed  in  the  1950s  and  1960s,  rapidly  eliminated  poliomyelitis  in  industrialized  countries  as  a  public  health  problem,  but  not  in  the  developing  world.2  To  remedy  this,  the  World  Health  Assembly,  the  governing  body  of  the  World  Health  Organization,  resolved  in  1988  to  eradicate  poliomyelitis  globally  by  the  year  2000.3  Although  this  target  has  not  yet  been  reached,  substantial  progress  has  been  made,  and  achievement  of  eradication  remains  feasible.  The  last  wild  poliovirus  type  2  was  detected  in  1999,  the  last  wild  poliovirus  type  3  in  2012,  and  wild  poliovirus  1  circulation  appears  to  be  restricted  to  parts  of  Afghanistan  and  Pakistan  with  22–33  paralytic  cases  per  year  during  2017–18.  However,  a  resurgence  of  cases  in  2019  led  to  major  increases  in  case  count,  with  over  176  paralytic  cases  (data  as  of  June  2,  2019).  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw Hill
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182675817
ER  -