TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Pit Viper Envenomation
A1  - Zafren, Ken
A1  - Thurman, R. Jason
A1  - Jones, Ian D.
A2  - Knoop, Kevin J.
A2  - Stack, Lawrence B.
A2  - Storrow, Alan B.
A2  - Thurman, R. Jason
PY  - 2021
T2  - The Atlas of Emergency Medicine, 5e
AB  - The  pit  vipers  (Crotalidae  family)  indigenous  to  the  United  States  include  rattlesnake  species,  cottonmouths,  and  copperheads.  Physical  characteristics  of  pit  vipers  include  a  triangular  head,  heat-sensing  pits,  elliptical  pupils,  and  a  single  row  of  subcaudal  ventral  scales.  Pit  viper  venom  is  complex  and  produces  hematologic,  cardiovascular,  and  neuromuscular  effects.  Clinically,  pit  viper  envenomations  are  divided  into  four  categories.  Bites  without  envenomation  are  characterized  only  by  the  direct  tissue  damage  caused  by  the  strike.  Minimal  envenomations  consist  of  fang  marks  and  local  swelling  only,  with  no  systemic  symptoms.  Moderate  envenomations  include  progression  of  tissue  changes  beyond  the  immediate  location  of  the  bite  and/or  systemic  symptoms  with  mild  changes  in  coagulation  parameters.  Severe  envenomations  include  marked  local  and  progressive  swelling  and  significant  systemic  symptoms  with  coagulopathy.  Coagulopathy  is  manifested  by  subcutaneous  ecchymosis  and/or  signs  of  bleeding).  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1181050920
ER  -