TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Mitral Regurgitation
A1  - Bashore, Thomas M.
A1  - Granger, Christopher B.
A1  - Jackson, Kevin P.
A1  - Patel, Manesh R.
A2  - Papadakis, Maxine A.
A2  - McPhee, Stephen J.
A2  - Rabow, Michael W.
PY  - 2021
T2  - Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021
AB  - ESSENTIALS  OF  DIAGNOSISMay  be  asymptomatic  for  years  (or  for  life).Severe  mitral  regurgitation  may  cause  left-sided  heart  failure  and  lead  to  right-sided  heart  failure.Pansystolic  murmur  at  the  apex,  radiating  into  the  axilla;  associated  with  S3  when  regurgitant  volume  is  great.ECG  shows  LA  abnormality  or  atrial  fibrillation  and  LVH;  radiograph  shows  LA  and  LV  enlargement.For  chronic  primary  mitral  regurgitation,  surgery  is  indicated  for  symptoms  or  when  the  LV  ejection  fraction  (LVEF)  is  less  than  60%  or  the  echocardiographic  LV  end-systolic  dimension  is  greater  than  4.0  cm.In  patients  with  mitral  prolapse  and  severe  mitral  regurgitation,  earlier  surgery  is  indicated  if  mitral  repair  can  be  performed  successfully  with  a  high  degree  of  certainty.Patients  with  functional  mitral  regurgitation  may  improve  with  biventricular  pacing.  Some  may  also  benefit  from  surgical  intervention  or  percutaneous  repair.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2022/01/23
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1175809428
ER  -