TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Reflex & Voluntary Control of Posture & Movement A1 - Barrett, Kim E. A1 - Barman, Susan M. A1 - Brooks, Heddwen L. A1 - Yuan, Jason X.-J. PY - 2019 T2 - Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 26e AB - OBJECTIVESAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:Describe the basic elements of a reflex pathway.Identify the components, function, and afferent nerve fibers of the muscle spindle.Explain the neuronal response initiated by striking the patellar tendon (patellar tendon or knee jerk reflex) that leads to contraction of a muscle.Explain how the activity of γ-motor neurons alters the response to muscle stretch.Describe the role of Golgi tendon organs in the control of skeletal muscle.Define physiologic tremor, clonus, and muscle tone.Identify the components and function of the withdrawal reflex pathway.Define spinal shock and describe the initial and long-term changes in spinal reflexes that follow spinal cord injury.Describe how skilled movements are planned and carried out.Contrast the organization of the central pathways involved in the control of axial (posture) and distal (skilled movement, fine motor movements) muscles.Describe the clinical tests and findings that distinguish between upper and lower motor neuron disorders, including the Babinski sign and clonus.Identify the pathophysiology and characteristics of cerebral palsy, decerebrate rigidity, and decorticate rigidity.Identify the components of the basal ganglia and the pathways that interconnect them, along with the neurotransmitters in each pathway.Explain the pathophysiology and symptoms of Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and other pathologies of the basal ganglia pathways.Discuss the functions of the cerebellum and the neurologic abnormalities produced by diseases of this part of the brain. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1159052310 ER -