TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF THE HEART
A1  - Hajjar, Roger J.
A1  - Ishikawa, Kiyotake
A1  - Thum, Thomas
A2  - Fuster, Valentin
A2  - Harrington, Robert A.
A2  - Narula, Jagat
A2  - Eapen, Zubin J.
PY  - 2017
T2  - Hurst's The Heart, 14e
AB  - Biology  of  the  heart  is  meticulously  orchestrated  by  various  mechanisms,  including  receptor-mediated  signal  transduction,  post-translational  modification,  protein  degradation,  and  transcriptional  regulation.  To  maintain  the  hemodynamic  homeostasis,  the  heart  uses  these  processes  in  a  chronologically  regulated  manner.  Because  the  time  between  heart  beats  is  usually  less  than  one  second,  instant  changes  in  the  body  blood  demand  must  be  rapidly  adapted.  This  is  achieved  by  modifying  β-adrenergic  signaling  and  subsequent  phosphorylation/dephosphorylation  of  proteins  related  to  excitation–contraction  coupling.  In  contrast,  chronically  altered  hemodynamic  status,  such  as  hypertension,  is  adapted  via  network  of  signal  transductions  leading  to  reprogramming  of  the  gene  expression.  Emerging  evidence  indicates  that  microRNAs,  long  noncoding  RNAs,  or  circular  RNAs  are  also  critically  involved  in  these  transcriptional  regulations.  Sustained  activation  of  certain  pathways  initially  induces  adaptive  responses  but  eventually  become  maladaptive,  causing  pathological  hypertrophy,  contractile  dysfunction,  cell  loss,  and  extracellular  remodeling.  These  changes  are  clinically  represented  as  heart  failure  and  predispose  patients  to  increased  morbidity  and  mortality.  With  the  rapid  advances  in  the  development  of  small  molecule  inhibitors  and  gene  therapy  approaches  that  can  possibly  target  key  pathological  pathways  in  vivo,  we  are  approaching  the  point  of  being  able  to  readily  manipulate  these  pathways  in  patients.  Noncoding  RNAs  not  only  play  crucial  roles  in  orchestrating  the  genome  and  cellular  pathways  but  also  can  be  used  as  novel  therapeutic  targets  and  diagnostic  markers.  Therefore,  understanding  the  molecular  mechanisms  governing  cardiac  pathophysiology  is  essential  to  understanding  the  signaling  networks  that  regulate  heart  failure  development.  In  this  chapter,  we  will  highlight  the  role  of  important  regulators  and  biological  molecular  principles  in  cardiac  homeostasis  and  disease.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1161723541
ER  -