TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Outcomes Research and Reporting A1 - Lipshutz, Angela K. M. A1 - Gropper, Michael A. A2 - Oropello, John M. A2 - Pastores, Stephen M. A2 - Kvetan, Vladimir PY - 1 T2 - Critical Care AB - KEY POINTSOutcomes research evaluates the effects of medical care and the health care process on individual and societal health.Outcomes research seeks to understand the effectiveness of an intervention rather than its efficacy. It is this focus, not the methodology employed, that differentiates outcomes research from traditional clinical research.Commonly used outcome measures include mortality, health status, cost, and quality measures.Although outcomes research is not defined by a specific methodology, outcomes researchers often utilize observational study designs and methods from the social sciences. The use of large administrative datasets is increasingly popular.The major limitations of observational studies are bias and confounding.Matching, stratification, multivariate analysis, propensity scores, and instrumental variables are tools used to adjust for confounding.Outcomes researchers in the intensive care unit face unique challenges due to the breadth of patients, diseases, therapies, providers, and health care delivery models used in critical care. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/05 UR - accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1136419053 ER -