Abbreviations
ACIP: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
ADCC: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
AID: activation-induced cytidine deaminase
aP: acellular pertussis
APC: antigen-presenting cell
ASD: autism spectrum disorder
AVA: anthrax vaccine adsorbed
BCG: bacille Calmette-Guérin
BCR: B cell receptor
CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CoP: correlate of protection
CRM: cross-reactive material
DTaP: diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis
DTP: diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis
EMA: European Medicines Agency
Fab: fragment, antigen-binding
Fc: fragment crystallizable
GBS: Guillian-Barré syndrome
H1N1: hemagglutinin type 1 and neuraminidase type 1
H2N2: hemagglutinin type 2 and neuraminidase type 2
H3N2: hemagglutinin type 3 and neuraminidase type 2
HA: hemagglutinin
HbOC: Haemophilus influenzae type b oligosaccharide conjugate
Hib: Haemophilus influenzae type b
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
HPV: human papillomavirus
IgG: immunoglobulin, class G
IIV: inactivated influenza vaccine
IOM: Institute of Medicine
IPV: inactivated poliovirus (vaccine)
JE: Japanese encephalitis
JE-MB: Japanese encephalitis mouse brain
JE-VC: Japanese encephalitis Vero cell
mCoP: mechanistic correlates of protection
MCV4: meningococcal vaccine 4
MeV: measles virus
MMR: measles-mumps-rubella
MMRV: measles-mumps-rubella-varicella
MVA: modified vaccinia Ankara
NA: neuraminidase
nCoP: nonmechanistic correlates of protection
PCV13: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 valent
PRP: polyribosylribitol phosphate
PRP-OMPC: polyribosylribitol phosphate outer membrane protein conjugate
PRP-T: polyribosylribitol phosphate tetanus
RAG: recombination-activating gene
RSV: respiratory syncytial virus
SAE: serious adverse event
SAGE: Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome
TB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Td: tetanus toxoid and reduced diphtheria toxoid
Tdap: tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis
VDJ: variable, diversity, joining
VLP: virus-like particle
VZV: varicella zoster virus
WHO: World Health Organization
The historical impact of infectious diseases is evident in the high mortality rates in young children and adults and the disruption that these diseases have caused in emerging societies. The rise of civilization in conjunction with the domestication of plants and animals permitted people to live in denser communities with each other and with their animals. Such proximity provided ideal breeding grounds for infectious pathogens, and their spread resulted in epidemics throughout the world. As people began to question the underlying causes of disease and the apparent protection to reinfection afforded to some survivors of a disease, ideas of immunity and disease prevention were born, apparently as early as the 5th century.
The concept of immunity goes back at least to the 17th century when emperor K’ang of China documented his practice of variolation, or inoculation, of his troops and his own children with smallpox to confer protection from the disease (Hopkins, 2002). Variolation involved taking liquid from a smallpox pustule of an infected patient, cutting the skin of an uninfected person, and then introducing the inoculum. Records from the 18th century note that Africans brought to the U.S. as slaves bore scars from smallpox variolation and were under the belief that they were immune to the disease. Variolation against smallpox was also reported by Lady Mary Montagu during her time in ...