| ABCC8 | ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 |
| ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ADA | American Diabetes Association |
| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) |
| AGE | Advanced glycation end product |
| AGPAT | 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase 2 |
| AKT/PKB | AKR mouse tumor 8 kinase/protein kinase B |
| AIRE | Autoimmune regulator |
| ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
| AMPK | Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
| APS1 | Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1 |
| ATF6 | Activating transcription factor 6 |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| cAMP | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| CCK | Cholecystokinin |
| CEL | Carboxyl-ester lipase |
| cGMP | Cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate |
| CIDEC | Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector C |
| CSII | Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion |
CST | Contraction stress test |
CTLA4 | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 |
| DCCT | Diabetes Control and Complications Trial |
| DIDMOAD | Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness (Wolfram syndrome) |
| DPP | Diabetes Prevention Program |
| DPP-4 | Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 |
| DPT-1 | Diabetes Prevention Trial-1 |
| EIF2AK3 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 3 |
| ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| FFA | Free fatty acid |
| FHR | Fetal heart rate |
| Foxo1 | Forkhead box, subfamily O, member 1 |
| FOXP3 | Forkhead box, subfamily P, member 3 |
| GABA | Gamma-aminobutyric acid |
| GAD | Glutamic acid decarboxylase |
| GCK | Glucokinase |
| GH | Growth hormone |
| GHb | Glycohemoglobin |
| GHSR | Growth hormone-secretagogue receptor |
| GI | Glycemic index |
| GIP | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide |
| GLIS3 | Glioma-associated oncogene homolog—similar 3 |
| GLP-1 | Glucagon-like peptide-1 |
| GLP-2 | Glucagon-like peptide-2 |
| GLUT | Glucose transporter |
| GPCR | G protein–coupled receptor |
| GRPP | Glicentin-related polypeptide |
| GWAS | Genome-wide association study |
| HDL | High-density lipoprotein |
| HLA | Human leukocyte antigen |
| HNF | Hepatocyte nuclear factor |
| hPL | Human placental lactogen |
| IA2 | Insulinoma antigen 2 |
| IAA | Insulin autoantibody |
| IAPP | Islet amyloid polypeptide |
| ICA | Islet cell antibody |
| IFG | Impaired fasting glucose |
| IGF-1 | Insulin-like growth factor 1 |
| IGT | Impaired glucose tolerance |
| IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
| INS | Insulin |
| IP3 | Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate |
| IPEX | Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy, X-linked |
| IPF-1 | Insulin promoter factor-1 |
| IRE1 | Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 |
| IRS | Insulin receptor substrate |
| ISL1 | Islet transcription factor 1 |
| IUGR | Intrauterine growth restriction |
| KPD | Ketosis-prone diabetes |
| KCNJ11 | Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 |
| Kir6.2 | Potassium channel, inwardly-rectifying 6.2 |
| LADA | Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood |
| LKB1 | Liver kinase B1 |
| LDL | Low-density lipoprotein |
| MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MODY | Maturity-onset diabetes of the young |
| MHC | Major histocompatibility complex |
| mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
| NeuroD1 | Neural differentiation factor 1 |
| Neurog3 | Neural genesis factor 3 |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NPH | Neutral protamine hagedorn |
| NST | Nonstress test |
| PAI-1 | Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 |
| PAX4 | Paired homeobox 4 |
PCSK | Proprotein convertase, subtilisin/kexin |
PD-1 | Programmed death 1 |
PD-L1 | Programmed death ligand 1 |
| PDE5 | Phosphodiesterase type 5 |
| PDX1 | Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 |
| PERK | Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase |
| PGC1α | PPAR gamma coactivator-1α |
| PNDM | Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus |
| POEMS | Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes |
| PP | Pancreatic polypeptide |
| PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
| PTF1A | Pancreatic transcription factor 1α |
| PTP1b | Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b |
| RFX6 | Regulatory factor X-6 |
| RXR | 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor |
| SCL19A2 | Solute carrier family 19 (thiamine transporter), member 2 |
| SOCS | Suppressor of cytokine signaling |
| SREBP1c | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c |
| SSTR | Somatostatin receptor |
| SUR1 | Sulfonylurea receptor 1 |
| TCF7L2 | Transcription factor 7-like 2 |
| TGF-β | Transforming growth factor-β |
| TNDM | Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus |
| TNF-... |