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Sinus node dysfunction (“sick sinus syndrome”)
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- Sinus bradycardia: sinus rate of less than 60 bpm.
- Sinoatrial exit block, type I: progressively shorter P-P intervals, followed by failure of occurrence of a P wave.
- Sinoatrial exit block, type II: pauses in sinus rhythm that are multiples of basic sinus rate.
- Sinus arrest, sinus pauses: failure of occurrence of P waves at expected times.
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Atrioventricular (AV) block
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- First degree: prolonged PR interval more than 200 ms.
- Second degree
- Type I: progressive increase in PR interval, followed by failure of atrioventricular (AV) conduction and nonoccurrence of a QRS complex.
- Type II: abrupt failure of AV conduction not preceded by increasing PR intervals.
- “2:1 block:” due to lack of consecutive PR intervals; unable to assign either type I or type II block.
- “Advanced:” AV conduction ratio ≥ 3:1.
- Third degree (“complete”): independent atrial and ventricular rhythms, with failure of AV conduction despite temporal opportunity for it to occur.
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The clinical presentation of patients with conduction system disease is determined by two underlying abnormal conditions: the inability to maintain or increase the sinus rate in response to metabolic need, and atrioventricular (AV) dyssynchrony (inappropriately timed atrial and ventricular depolarization and contraction sequences).
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Sinus Node Dysfunction
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Sinus node dysfunction (“sick sinus syndrome”) is usually due to a degenerative process that involves the sinus node and sinoatrial (SA) area (Table 14–1). Often, the degenerative process and associated fibrosis also involve the approaches to the AV node and the AV node itself, as well as the intraventricular conduction system; as many as 25–30% of patients with sinus node dysfunction have evidence of AV and bundle branch conduction delay or block.
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Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, in which the sinus rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration, is not an abnormal rhythm and is most commonly seen in young healthy persons. Nonrespiratory sinus arrhythmia, in which phasic changes in sinus rate are not due to respiration, may be accentuated by the use of vagal agents, such as digitalis and morphine, and is more likely to be observed in patients who are older and who have underlying cardiac disease, although the arrhythmia is not itself a marker for structural heart disease; its mechanism is unknown. Ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia is an unusual rhythm that occurs during advanced second-degree or complete AV block; it is characterized by shorter P-P intervals that enclose QRS complexes and longer P-P intervals that do not enclose QRS complexes. The ...