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This chapter should help the student to:
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- Name the parts of the digestive tract and the primary function of each.
- Describe the structure of the tongue, teeth, and gingiva.
- Describe the development of the teeth.
- Compare the digestive tract organs in terms of the four layers comprising their walls and relate any structural variations to differences in organ function.
- Know the distinguishing regional structure of each digestive tract component.
- Name the secretory product(s), the distinguishing structural features, and (where appropriate) the staining properties of each secretory cell type in digestive tract mucosa.
- List the features of the small intestine that promote nutrient absorption and trace the steps in this process.
- Identify the organ, region, cell types present, and type of section (i.e., transverse or longitudinal) in a micrograph of any part of the digestive tract.
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1. List the digestive tract organs in the order food passes them (I.A). What happens to the food in each (I.C.1–3)?
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2. Sketch a cross-section of a generalized tubular organ of the digestive tract that shows the layered structure of its walls (Fig. 15–1; I.B.1–4) and indicate the location of the following:
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Lumen
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus
Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
Mesothelium
Attachment of the mesentery
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3. Describe the oral cavity in terms of its epithelial lining, the muscle type in its walls, and the structural difference between the hard and soft palates (II.A).
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4. Describe the tongue in terms of its predominant tissue and the epithelium that covers it (II.C).
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5. Name the four types of lingual papillae and compare them in terms of their characteristic shape, taste bud distribution, and relative abundance (II.C.1–4).
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6. List the four types of teeth (by shape) found in humans (III.A).
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7. Compare the “dental formula” for permanent and deciduous teeth (III.B).
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8. Sketch a tooth and its surrounding structures in sagittal (midline longitudinal) section (Fig. 15–2) and label the following:
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Gingiva
Alveolar bone
Crown
Neck
Root
Apical foramen
Enamel
Cementum
Dentin
Pulp
Periodontal ligament
Epithelial attachment (of Gottlieb; III.D.3)
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9. Compare dentin, enamel, and cementum (III.C.5–7) in terms of:
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Hardness
Porosity
Collagen content
Cell responsible for synthesis
Capacity for replacement
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10. Describe tooth pulp in terms of its predominant tissue, major cell types, blood supply, and innervation (III.C.4 and 5.b; Fig. 15–2).
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11. Describe the periodontal ligament in terms of its composition, location, functions, attachments, and the effects of dietary vitamin C and protein deficiency (III.D.1; Fig. 15–2).
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12. Compare ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and cementoblasts in terms of their embryonic origin (III.E), the layer of tooth structure formed by each (III.E), and their survival into adulthood (III.C.5.c, 6.c, and 7).
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