++
This chapter should help the student to:
++
- Know the name, structure, and function of each formed element in blood.
- Know the percentage contributed by each cell type to peripheral blood cell numbers (as determined by a differential cell count) and to blood volume (as determined by hematocrit).
- Know the percentage of normal blood volume contributed by plasma.
- Know the composition of plasma and distinguish between plasma and serum.
- Describe the sequence of events of clot formation, including the roles of the platelets and various plasma proteins.
- Identify the formed elements in a micrograph of a blood smear.
++
1. What is the approximate total blood volume of adult humans (I.A)?
++
2. Name the two major components of blood (I.A).
++
3. Name the three classes of formed elements in blood (III.A–C).
++
4. Compare serum and plasma in terms of the procedures for isolating them from whole blood (I.A and D; IV.A) and their fibrinogen and serotonin content (IV.A).
++
5. Define “hematocrit” and give the normal range of values for adult humans (I.D).
++
6. List several types of plasma proteins (II.B.1; IV.B).
++
7. To which class of plasma proteins do the circulating antibodies (immunoglobulins) secreted by plasma cells belong (II.B.1)?
++
8. What is the normal diameter of a human erythrocyte (III.A.1)?
++
9. What is the functional significance of the biconcave shape of normal erythrocytes (III.A.1)?
++
10. Compare erythrocytes of sickle cell anemia with normal erythrocytes (III.A.3) in terms of:
++
Hemoglobin (Hb) type (including amino acid composition)
Effect of low oxygen tension on hemoglobin solubility
Effect of low oxygen tension on cell shape and flexibility
++
11. What components of erythrocyte plasma membranes determine blood group (e.g., MN, ABO) (III.A.4)?
++
12. Describe hemoglobin (III.A.3) in terms of:
++
Primary function
Number of subunits per molecule
Number of hemes per molecule
Metal ion of the heme
Types present after birth
Predominant type in adults
Predominant type in the fetus
++
13. Describe mature erythrocytes (III.A.1 and 2) in terms of:
++
Organelles present
Capacity for protein synthesis
Energy metabolism
Site of production
Duration in circulation
Site(s) of removal from circulation
++
14. List the five types of leukocytes in peripheral blood (III.B.1.a, b and 2.a–c). Indicate which are agranulocytes and granulocytes (III.B.1 and 2).
++
15. Compare granulocytes and agranulocytes (III.B.1 and 2) in terms of the presence and relative amount of specific and azurophilic granules and the shape of their nuclei.
++
16. In addition to blood, leukocytes are normal components of what tissue type (III.B, B, 1 and 2.a–c)? How do leukocytes in this tissue differ from those in the blood?
++
17. What is the normal number of leukocytes per microliter of blood (provide ...