1. Celum C et al:
Acyclovir and transmission of HIV-1 from persons infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2.
N Engl J Med 362(5):427-439, 2010; [Epub Jan 20, 2010]
[PubMed: 20089951]
[p1]
2. Vanpouille C, Lisco A, Margolis L:
Acyclovir: A new use for an old drug.
Curr Opin Infect Dis 22(6):583-587, 2009
3. Vanpouille C et al: A new class of dual-targeted antivirals: monophosphorylated
acyclovir prodrug derivatives suppress both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2.
J Infect Dis 201(4):635-643, 2010; [Epub Jan 19, 2010]
[PubMed: 20085496]
4. McMahon MA et al: Sensitivity of V75I HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutant selected in vitro by
acyclovir to anti-HIV drugs.
AIDS 24(2):319-323, 2010
5. Leung DT et al: Inadequacy of plasma
acyclovir levels at delivery in patients with genital herpes receiving oral
acyclovir suppressive therapy in late pregnancy.
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 31(12):1137-1143, 2009
6. Duan R et al:
Acyclovir susceptibility and genetic characteristics of sequential herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal isolates from patients with recurrent herpetic keratitis.
J Infect Dis 200(9):1402-1414, 2009
7. Kamel AO et al: Preparation of intravenous stealthy
acyclovir nanoparticles with increased mean residence time.
AAPS Pharm SciTech 10(4):1427-1436, 2009
8. Elshafeey AH, Kamel AO, Awad GA: Ammonium methacrylate units polymer content and their effect on
acyclovir colloidal nanoparticles properties and bioavailability in human volunteers.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 75(2):398-404, 2010
9. Agut H et al: Testing the susceptibility of human herpesviruses to antivirals. Future Microbiol 4:1111-1123, 2009
10. McMahon MA, Shen L, Siliciano RF: New approaches for quantitating the inhibition of HIV-1 replication by antiviral drugs in vitro and in vivo. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22(6):574-582, 2009
11. Yadav M et al: Stability evaluation and sensitive determination of antiviral drug,
valacyclovir and its metabolite
acyclovir in human plasma by a rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 877(8-9):680-688, 2009
12. Bonnar PE: Suppressive
valacyclovir therapy to reduce genital herpes transmission: Good public health policy?
Mcgill J Med 12(1):39-46, 2009
13. Kim HN et al: Does frequency of genital herpes recurrences predict risk of transmission? Further analysis of the
valacyclovir transmission study.
Sex Transm Dis 35(2):124-128, 2008
14. Sperling RS et al: The effect of daily
valacyclovir suppression on herpes simplex virus type 2 viral shedding in HSV-2 seropositive subjects without a history of genital herpes.
Sex Transm Dis 35(3):286-290, 2008
15. Martens MG et al: Once daily
valacyclovir for reducing viral shedding in subjects newly diagnosed with genital herpes.
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009:105376, 2009
16. Miserocchi E et al: Efficacy of
valacyclovir vs
acyclovir for the prevention of recurrent herpes simplex virus eye disease: a pilot study.
Am J Ophthalmol 144(4):547-551, 2007
17. Hull C et al:
Valacyclovir and topical
clobetasol gel for the episodic treatment of herpes labialis: A patient-initiated, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23(3):263-267, 2009
18. Ozçay F et al: The role of
valacyclovir on Epstein-Barr virus viral loads in pediatric
19. Hoshino Y et al: Long-term administration of
valacyclovir reduces the number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells but not the number of EBV DNA copies per B cell in healthy volunteers.
J Virol 83(22):11857-11861, 2009
20. Aoki FY: Contemporary antiviral drug regimens for the prevention and treatment of orolabial and anogenital herpes simplex virus infection in the normal host: four approved indications and 13 off-label uses. Can J Infect Dis 14(1):17-27, 2003
21. Zeng L et al: Population pharmacokinetics of
acyclovir in children and young people with malignancy after administration of intravenous
acyclovir or oral
valacyclovir.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(7):2918-2927, 2009
22. Bomgaars L et al:
Valacyclovir and
acyclovir pharmacokinetics in immunocompromised children.
Pediatr Blood Cancer 51(4):504-508, 2008
23. Kimberlin DW: Pharmacokinetics and safety of extemporaneously compounded
valacyclovir oral suspension in pediatric patients from 1 month through 11 years of age.
Clin Infect Dis 50(2):221-228, 2010
24. Daito J et al: Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema caused by
valacyclovir.
Dermatology 218(1):60-62, 2009
25. Ebo DG et al: Immediate allergy from
valacyclovir.
Allergy 63(7):941-942, 2008
26. Asahi T et al:
Valacyclovir neurotoxicity: clinical experience and review of the literature.
Eur J Neurol 16(4):457-460, 2009
27. Smith JP et al: Pharmacokinetics of
acyclovir and its metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and systemic circulation after high-dose
valacyclovir in subjects with normal and impaired renal function.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(3):1146-51, 2010; [Epub Dec 28, 2009]
[PubMed: 20038622]
28. Hasler-Nguyen N et al: Evaluation of the in vitro skin permeation of antiviral drugs from
penciclovir 1% cream and
acyclovir 5% cream used to treat herpes simplex virus infection.
BMC Dermatol 9:3, 2009
29. Zhu W et al: Microemulsion-based hydrogel formulation of
penciclovir for topical delivery.
Int J Pharm 378(1-2):152-158, 2009
30. Lv Q et al: Development and evaluation of penciclovir-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery. Int J Pharm 372(1-2):191-198, 2009
31. Zhu W et al: Formulation design of microemulsion for dermal delivery of
penciclovir.
Int J Pharm 360(1-2):184-90, 2008
32. Harpaz R et al: Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 57(RR-5):1-30, 2008
33. Bodsworth N et al: 2-day versus 5-day
famciclovir as treatment of recurrences of genital herpes: Results of the FaST study.
Sex Health 5(3):219-225, 2008
34. Abudalu M et al: Single-day, patient-initiated
famciclovir therapy versus 3-day
valacyclovir regimen for recurrent genital herpes: a randomized, double-blind, comparative trial.
Clin Infect Dis 47(5):651-658, 2008
35. Aoki FY: The continuing evolution of antiviral therapy for recurrent genital herpes: 1-day patient-initiated treatment with
famciclovir.
Herpes 14(3):62-65, 2007
36. Bartlett BL et al:
Famciclovir treatment options for patients with frequent outbreaks of recurrent genital herpes: The RELIEF trial.
J Clin Virol 43(2):190-195, 2008
37. Ogungbenro K et al: Population pharmacokinetics and optimal design of paediatric studies for
famciclovir.
Br J Clin Pharmacol 68(4):546-560, 2009
38. Sáez-Llorens X et al: Pharmacokinetics and safety of
famciclovir in children with herpes simplex or varicella-zoster virus infection.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(5):1912-1920, 2009
39. Leone P et al: One-day
famciclovir vs. placebo in patient-initiated episodic treatment of recurrent genital herpes in immunocompetent Black patients.
Curr Med Res Opin 26(3):653-661, 2010; [Epub Jan 13, 2010]
[PubMed: 20070143]
40. Htwe TH, Bergman S, Koirala J:
Famciclovir substitution for patients with acyclovir-associated renal toxicity.
J Infect 57(3):266-268, 2008
41. Te CC, Le V, Allee M: Famciclovir-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Ann Pharmacother 42(9):1323-1326, 2008
42. Wilhelmus KR: Therapeutic interventions for herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD002898, 2008
43. Kaufman HE et al: Efficacy of a helicase-primase inhibitor in animal models of ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 24(1):34-42, 2008
44. Guess S, Stone DU, Chodosh J: Evidence-based treatment of herpes simplex virus keratitis: A systematic review. Ocul Surf 5(3):240-250, 2007
45. Perrottet N et al: Variable viral clearance despite adequate
ganciclovir plasma levels during
valganciclovir treatment for cytomegalovirus disease in D+/R- transplant recipients.
BMC Infect Dis 10(1):2, 2010
46. Perrottet N et al:
Valganciclovir in adult solid organ transplant recipients: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and clinical interpretation of plasma concentration measurements.
Clin Pharmacokinet 48(6):399-418, 2009
47. Isegawa Y et al: PCR with quenching probes enables the rapid detection and identification of ganciclovir-resistance-causing U69 gene mutations in human herpesvirus 6. Mol Cell Probes 24(4):167-177, 2010; [Epub Jan 15, 2010]
48. Marshall BC, Koch WC: Antivirals for cytomegalovirus infection in neonates and infants: Focus on pharmacokinetics, formulations, dosing, and adverse events. Paediatr Drugs 11(5):309-321, 2009
49. Duan R et al: Acyclovir-resistant corneal HSV-1 isolates from patients with herpetic keratitis. J Infect Dis 198(5):659-663, 2008
50. Hatchette T et al:
Foscarnet salvage therapy for acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster: Report of a novel thymidine kinase mutation and review of the literature.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 27(1):75-77, 2008
51. Wang H et al: Low-dose
foscarnet preemptive therapy for cytomegalovirus viremia after haploidentical bone marrow transplantation.
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 15(4):519-520, 2009
52. Charpentier C et al:
Foscarnet salvage therapy efficacy is associated with the presence of thymidine-associated mutations (TAMs) in HIV-infected patients.
J Clin Virol 43(2):212-215, 2008
53. Rodriguez J et al: Resistance to combined
ganciclovir and
foscarnet therapy in a liver transplant recipient with possible dual-strain cytomegalovirus coinfection.
Liver Transpl 13(10):1396-1400, 2007
54. Michaelis M et al: Valproic acid interferes with antiviral treatment in human cytomegalovirus-infected endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 77(3):544-550, 2008
55. De Clercq E: Emerging antiviral drugs. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 13(3):393-416, 2008
56. Jesus DM et al:
Cidofovir inhibits genome encapsidation and affects morphogenesis during the replication of vaccinia virus.
J Virol 83(22):11477-11490, 2009
57. Sonvico F et al: Therapeutic paint of
cidofovir/
sucralfate gel combination topically administered by spraying for treatment of orf virus infections.
AAPS J 11(2):242-249, 2009
58. Van Pachterbeke C et al: Topical treatment of CIN 2+ by
cidofovir: Results of a phase II, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study.
Gynecol Oncol 115(1):69-74, 2009
59. Coremans G, Snoeck R:
Cidofovir: clinical experience and future perspectives on an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analog of cytosine in the treatment of refractory and premalignant HPV-associated anal lesions.
Expert Opin Pharmacother 10(8):1343-1352, 2009
60. Calista D: Topical 1%
cidofovir for the treatment of vulvar intraepidermal neoplasia (VIN1) developed on lichen sclerosus.
Int J Dermatol 48(5):535-536, 2009
61. Amine A et al: Novel anti-metastatic action of
cidofovir mediated by inhibition of E6/E7, CXCR4 and Rho/ROCK signaling in HPV tumor cells.
PLoS One 4(3):e5018, 2009
62. Field S, Irvine AD, Kirby B: The treatment of viral warts with topical
cidofovir 1%: our experience of seven paediatric patients.
Br J Dermatol 160(1):223-224, 2009
63. De Socio GV et al: Topical
cidofovir for severe warts in a patient affected by AIDS and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Int J STD AIDS 19(10):715-716, 2008
64. Cusack C et al: Successful treatment of florid cutaneous warts with intravenous
cidofovir in an 11-year-old girl.
Pediatr Dermatol 25(3):387-389, 2008
65. Wei H et al: Coadministration of
cidofovir and smallpox vaccine reduced vaccination side effects but interfered with vaccine-elicited immune responses and immunity to monkeypox.
J Virol 83(2):1115-1125, 2009
66. Bhadri
VA, Lee-Horn L, Shaw PJ. Safety and tolerability of
cidofovir in high-risk pediatric patients.
Transpl Infect Dis 11(4):373-379, 2009
67. Tchernev G: Sexually transmitted papillomavirus infections: Epidemiology pathogenesis, clinic, morphology, important differential diagnostic aspects, current diagnostic and treatment options. An Bras Dermatol 84(4):377-389, 2009
68. Lott DG, Krakovitz PR: Squamous cell carcinoma associated with intralesional injection of
cidofovir for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
Laryngoscope 119(3):567-570, 2009
69. Donne AJ et al: Potential risk factors associated with the use of
cidofovir to treat benign human papillomavirus-related disease.
Antivir Ther 14(7):939-952, 2009
70. Donne AJ et al:
Cidofovir induces an increase in levels of low-risk and high-risk HPV E6.
Head Neck 31(7):893-901, 2009
71. Dvorak CC et al: Development of herpes simplex virus stomatitis during receipt of
cidofovir therapy.
Clin Infect Dis 49(8):e92-e95, 2009
72. Piccolo P et al: A randomized controlled trial of pegylated interferon-alpha2a plus
adefovir dipivoxil for hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.
Antivir Ther 14(8):1165-1174, 2009
73. Jones J et al:
Adefovir dipivoxil and pegylated interferon alpha for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: An updated systematic review and economic evaluation.
Health Technol Assess 13(35):1-172, 2009
74. Scott LJ, Keating GM:
Entecavir: a review of its use in chronic hepatitis B.
Drugs 69(8):1003-1033, 2009
75. Duong A, Mousa SA: Current status of nucleoside antivirals in chronic hepatitis B. Drugs Today (Barc) 45(10):751-761, 2009
76. McMahon MA, Shen L, Siliciano RF: New approaches for quantitating the inhibition of HIV-1 replication by antiviral drugs in vitro and in vivo. Curr Opin Infect Dis 22(6):574-582, 2009
77. Gurusamy KS et al: Antiviral therapy for recurrent liver graft infection with hepatitis C virus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD006803, 2010
78. Enomoto N, Maekawa S: HCV genetic elements determining the early response to peginterferon and
ribavirin therapy.
Intervirology 53(1):66-69, 2010
79. Iorio A et al: Antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis C in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD004888, 2010
80. Brok J, Gluud LL, Gluud C:
Ribavirin plus interferon versus interferon for chronic hepatitis C.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD005445, 2010
81. Farshidi D, Chiu MW: Lingual hyperpigmentation from pegylated interferon and
ribavirin treatment of hepatitis C.
J Am Acad Dermatol 62(1):164-165, 2010
82. Mistry N, Shapero J, Crawford RI: A review of adverse cutaneous drug reactions resulting from the use of interferon and
ribavirin.
Can J Gastroenterol 23(10):677-683, 2009
83. Sato M, Sueki H, Iijima M: Repeated episodes of fixed eruption 3 months after discontinuing pegylated interferon-alpha-2b plus
ribavirin combination therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
Clin Exp Dermatol 34(8):e814-e817, 2009
84. Abbott IJ et al: Development and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in an HIV-infected man with hepatitis C and B co-infection following interferon therapy: a case report. J Med Case Reports 10;3:7289, 2009
85. Shuja F et al: Interferon induced sarcoidosis with cutaneous involvement along lines of venous drainage in a former intravenous drug user. Dermatol Online J 15(12):4, 2009
86. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Federal Government Agency [US], Department of Health and Human Services (US)—Federal Government Agency [US]. 1998 Dec 1 (updated 2008 Nov 3), 139 pages, (NGC:006760)
87. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Recommendations of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Infectious Diseases Society of America—Medical Specialty Society, 2004, Sep 1, 21 pages, (NGC:003793)
88. Phillips EJ, Mallal SA: HLA and drug-induced toxicity. Curr Opin Mol Ther 11(3):231-242, 2009
89. Rodriguez-Nóvoa S, Soriano V: Current trends in screening across ethnicities for hypersensitivity to
abacavir.
Pharmacogenomics 9(10):1531-1541, 2008
90. Eron JJ Jr.: Antiretroviral therapy: new drugs, formulations, ideas, and strategies. Top HIV Med 17(5):146-150, 2009
91. Minzi OM, Irunde H, Moshiro C: HIV patients presenting common adverse drug events caused by highly active antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res 11(1):5-10, 2009
92. Atzori L et al: Bullous skin eruption in an HIV patient during antiretroviral drugs therapy. Dermatol Ther 21(Suppl. 2):S30-S34, 2008
93. Johnson LB, Saravolatz LD.
Etravirine, a next-generation nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor.
Clin Infect Dis 48(8):1123-1128, 2009
94. Fulco PP, McNicholl IR:
Etravirine and
rilpivirine: nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resistant to previous nonnucleoside agents.
Pharmacotherapy 29(3):281-294, 2009
95. Maggiolo F,
Efavirenz: a decade of clinical experience in the treatment of HIV.
J Antimicrob Chemother 64(5):910-928, 2009
96. Vemula S et al: Incidence and risk factors for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)-related rash in Thai children with HIV infection. J Med Assoc Thai 90(11):2437-2441, 2007
97. Hall DB, Macgregor TR: Case-control exploration of relationships between early rash or liver toxicity and plasma concentrations of
nevirapine and primary metabolites.
HIV Clin Trials 8(6):391-399, 2007
98. Manosuthi W et al: Incidence and risk factors of nevirapine-associated skin rashes among HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts <250 cells/microL. Int J STD AIDS 18(11):782-786, 2007
99. Moura MD et al: Oral adverse effects due to the use of
Nevirapine.
J Contemp Dent Pract 9(1):84-90, 2008
100. Meyssonnier V, Costagliola D, Caumes PE: Nevirapine-associated toxicity in Niger. HIV Med 9(1):62-63, 2008
101. Chen J et al: Demonstration of the metabolic pathway responsible for nevirapine-induced skin rash. Chem Res Toxicol 21(9):1862-1870, 2008
102. Fulco PP, McNicholl IR:
Etravirine and
rilpivirine: nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains resistant to previous nonnucleoside agents.
Pharmacotherapy 29(3):281-294, 2009
103. Mercier S et al: Lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-1-infected adults on 4- to 9-year antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: A case-control study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 51(2):224-230, 2009
104. Sarni RO et al: Lipodystrophy in children and adolescents with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its relationship with the antiretroviral therapy employed. J Pediatr (Rio J) 85(4):329-334, 2009
105. Goulbourne CN, Vaux DJ: HIV protease inhibitors inhibit FACE1/ZMPSTE24: A mechanism for acquired lipodystrophy in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy? Biochem Soc Trans 38(Pt 1):292—296, 2010
106. Benedini S et al: Effect of L-acetylcarnitine on body composition in HIV-related lipodystrophy. Horm Metab Res 41(11):840-845, 2009
107. McKinnell JA, Saag MS: Novel drug classes: Entry inhibitors [
enfuvirtide, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 antagonists].
Curr Opin HIV AIDS 4(6):513-517, 2009
108. Bogoch I, Walmsley S: First-line regimen failure of antiretroviral therapy: A clinical and evidence-based approach. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 4(6):493-498, 2009