1. Charo IF, Ransohoff RM: The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N Engl J Med 354(6):610-621, 2006
2. Zlotnik A, Yoshie O: Chemokines: A new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 12(2):121-127, 2000
3. Locati M, Murphy PM: Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Biology and clinical relevance in inflammation and AIDS. Annu Rev Med 50:425-440, 1999
4. Merad M et al: Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions. Nat Immunol 3(12):1135-1141, 2002
5. Ferreira AM et al: Diminished induction of skin fibrosis in mice with MCP-1 deficiency. J Invest Dermatol 226(8):1900-1908, 2006
6. Sallusto F, Mackay CR, Lazavecchia A: Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells. Science 277:2005-2007, 1997
7. Wakugawa M et al: Expression of CC chemokine receptor 3 on human keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro–upregulation by RANTES. J Dermatol Sci 25(3):229-235, 2001
8. Campbell JJ et al: The chemokine receptor CCR4 in vascular recognition by cutaneous but not intestinal memory T cells. Nature 400:776-780, 1999
9. Vestergaard C et al: A Th2 chemokine, TARC, produced by keratinocytes may recruit CLA+CCR4 + lymphocytes into lesional atopic dermatitis skin. J Invest Dermatol 115(4):640-646, 2000
10. Kakinuma T et al: Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in atopic dermatitis: Serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine level is closely related with disease activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107(3):535-541, 2001
11. Ferenczi K et al: Increased CCR4 expression in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 119(6):1405-1410, 2002
12 Vestergaard C et al: Overproduction of Th2-specific chemokines in NC/Nga mice exhibiting atopic dermatitis-like lesions. J Clin Invest 104:1097-1105, 1999
13. Kawai T et al: Selective diapedesis of Th1 cells induced by endothelial cell RANTES. J Immunol 163:3269-3278, 1999
14. Sallusto F et al: Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions. Nature 401:708-712, 1999
15. Saeki H et al: Cutting edge: Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) participate in the emigration pathway of mature dendritic cells from the skin to regional lymph nodes. J Immunol 162(5):2472-2475, 1999
16. Forster R et al: CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. Cell 99(1):23-33, 1999
17. Wiley H et al: Expression of CC chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) and regional lymph node metastasis of B16 murine melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1638-1643, 2001
18. Gunn MD et al: Mice lacking expression of secondary lymphoid organ chemokine have defects in lymphocyte homing and dendritic cell localization. J Exp Med 189(3):451-460, 1999
19. Letsch A et al: Functional CCR9 expression is associated with small intestinal metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 122(3):685-690, 2004
20. Homey B et al: The orphan chemokine receptor G protein-coupled receptor-2 (GPR-2, CCR10) binds the skin-associated chemokine CCL27 (CTACK/ALP/ILC). J Immunol 164:3465-3470, 2000
21. Morales J et al: CTACK, a skin-associated chemokine that preferentially attracts skin-homing memory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 96:14470-14475, 1999
22. Murakami T et al: Immune evasion by murine melanoma mediated through CC chemokine receptor-10. J Exp Med 198:1337-1347, 2003
23. Notohamiprodjo M et al: CCR10 is expressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Int J Cancer 115(4):641-647, 2005
24. Schadendorf D et al: IL-8 produced by human malignant melanoma cells in vitro is an essential autocrine growth factor. J Immunol 151(5):2667-2675, 1993
25. Kulke R et al: Co-localized overexpression of GRO-alpha and IL-8 mRNA is restricted to the suprapapillary layers of psoriatic lesions. J Invest Dermatol 106(3):526-530, 1996
26. Rossi D, Zlotnik A: The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 18:217-242, 2000
27. Piali L et al: The chemokine receptor CXCR3 mediates rapid and shear-resistant adhesion-induction of effector T lymphocytes by the chemokines IP10 and Mig. Eur J Immunol 28:961-972, 1998
28. Sarris AH et al: Interferon-inducible protein 10 as a possible factor in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Clin Cancer Res 3(2):169-177, 1997
29. Murakami T et al: Expression of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)-4 enhances the pulmonary metastatic potential of murine B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Res 62:7328-7334, 2002
30. Bazan JF et al: A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature 385:640-644, 1997
31. Imai T et al: Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell 91:521-530, 1997
32. Jiang H et al: Pertussis toxin-sensitive activation of phospholipase C by the C5a and fMet-Leu-Phe receptors. J Biol Chem 271(23):13430-13434, 1996
33. Constantin G et al: Chemokines trigger immediate beta2 integrin affinity and mobility changes: Differential regulation and roles in lymphocyte arrest under flow. Immunity 13(6):759-769, 2000
34. Homey B: Chemokines and inflammatory skin diseases. Adv Dermatol 21:251-277, 2005
35. Springer TA: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: The multistep paradigm. Cell 76:301-314, 1994
36. Berg EL et al: The cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a skin lymphocyte homing receptor for the vascular lectin endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1). J Exp Med 174:1461-1466, 1991
37. Lechleitner S et al: Peripheral lymph node addressins are expressed on skin endothelial cells. J Invest Dermatol 113:410-414, 1999
38. Hwang ST, Fitzhugh DJ: Aberrant expression of adhesion molecules by Sézary cells: Functional consequences under physiologic shear stress conditions. J Invest Dermatol 116:466-470, 2001
39. Campbell JJ et al: Chemokines and the arrest of lymphocytes rolling under flow conditions. Science 279:381-384, 1998
40. Sallusto F, Mackay CR: Chemoattractants and their receptors in homeostasis and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 16(6):724-731, 2004
41. Hwang ST: Mechanisms of T cell Migration to Skin. Adv Dermatol 17:211-241, 2001
42. Imai T et al: Selective recruitment of CCR4-bearing Th2 cells toward antigen- presenting cells by the CC chemokines thymus and activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine. Int Immunol 11(1):81-88, 1999
43. Andrew DP et al: C-C Chemokine receptor 4 expression defines a major subset of circulating nonintestinal memory T cells of both Th1 and Th2 potential. J Immunol 166(1):103-111, 2001
44. Bonecchi R et al: Differential expression of chemokine receptors and chemotactic responsiveness of type 1 T helper cells (TH1s) and Th2s. J Exp Med 187:129-134, 1997
45. Qin S et al: The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions. J Clin Invest 101(4):746-754, 1998
46. Steinman L: A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 13(2):139-145, 2007
47. Lowes MA et al: Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis. Nature 445(7130):866-873, 2007
48. Clark RA et al: The vast majority of CLA+ T cells are resident in normal skin. J Immunol 176(7):4431-4439, 2006
49. Bromley SK, Mempel TR, Luster AD: Orchestrating the orchestrators: Chemokines in control of T cell traffic. Nat Immunol 9(9):970-980, 2008
50. Giustizieri ML et al: Keratinocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis show a distinct chemokine production profile in response to T cell-derived cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107(5):871-877, 2001
51. Reiss Y et al: CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 and the CCR10 ligand cutaneous T cell- attracting chemokine (CTACK) in lymphocyte trafficking to inflamed skin. J Exp Med 194(10):1541-1547, 2001
52. Homey B et al: CCL27-CCR10 interactions regulate T cell-mediated skin inflammation. Nat Med 8(2):157-165, 2002
53. Katz SI, Tamaki K, Sachs DH: Epidermal Langerhans cells are derived from cells originating in the bone marrow. Nature 282:324-326, 1979
54. Schaerli P et al: Cutaneous CXCL14 targets blood precursors to epidermal niches for Langerhans cell differentiation. Immunity 23(3):331-342, 2005
55. Dieu-Nosjean MC et al: Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha is expressed at inflamed epithelial surfaces and is the most potent chemokine known in attracting Langerhans cell precursors. J Exp Med 192(5):705-718, 2000
56. Varona R et al: CCR6-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte homeostasis and altered contact hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. J Clin Invest 107(6):R37-R45, 2001
57. Gunn MD et al: A chemokine expressed in lymphoid high endothelial venules promotes the adhesion and chemotaxis of naive T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 95:258-263, 1998
58. Ohl L et al: CCR7 governs skin dendritic cell migration under inflammatory and steady-state conditions. Immunity 21(2):279-288, 2004
59. Stein JV et al: The CC chemokine thymus-derived chemotactic agent 4 (TCA-4, secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine, 6Ckine, Exodus-2) triggers lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1-mediated arrest of rolling T lymphocytes in peripheral lymph node high endothelial venules. J Exp Med 191:61-75, 2000
60. Sallusto F et al: Distinct patterns and kinetics of chemokine production regulate dendritic cell function. Eur J Immunol 29:1617-1625, 1999
61. Tang HL, Cyster JG: Chemokine up-regulation and activated T cell attraction by maturing dendritic cells. Science 284(5415):819-822, 1999
62. Wu M, Fang H, Hwang ST: Cutting edge: CC chemokine receptor-4 (CCR4) mediates antigen-primed T cell binding to activated dendritic cells. J Immunol 167:4791-4795, 2001
63. Castellino F et al: Chemokines enhance immunity by guiding naive CD8+ T cells to sites of CD4+ T cell-dendritic cell interaction. Nature 440(7086):890-895, 2006
64. Lonsdorf AS, Hwang ST, Enk AH: Chemokine receptors in T-cell-mediated diseases of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 129(11):2552-2566, 2009
65. Pivarcsi A et al: CC chemokine ligand 18, an atopic dermatitis-associated and dendritic cell-derived chemokine, is regulated by staphylococcal products and allergen exposure. J Immunol 173(9):5810-5817, 2004
66. Gunther C et al: CCL18 is expressed in atopic dermatitis and mediates skin homing of human memory T cells. J Immunol 174(3):1723-1728, 2005
67. Park CO et al: Increased expression of CC chemokine ligand 18 in extrinsic atopic dermatitis patients. Exp Dermatol 17(1):24-29, 2008
68. Gombert M et al: CCL1-CCR8 interactions: An axis mediating the recruitment of T cells and Langerhans-type dendritic cells to sites of atopic skin inflammation. J Immunol 174(8):5082-5091, 2005
69. Combadiere C, Ahuja SK, Murphy PM: Cloning and functional expression of a human eosinophil CC chemokine receptor. J Biol Chem 271(18):11034, 1996
70. Teixeira MM et al: Chemokine-induced eosinophil recruitment. Evidence of a role for endogenous eotaxin in an in vivo allergy model in mouse skin. J Clin Invest 100(7):1657-1666, 1997
71. Yawalkar N et al: Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 113(1):43-48, 1999
72. Kaburagi Y et al: Enhanced production of CC-chemokines (RANTES, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, MIP- 1beta, and eotaxin) in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 293(7):350-355, 2001
73. Petering H et al: Characterization of the CC chemokine receptor 3 on human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 116(4):549-555, 2001
74. Cooper PJ et al: Eotaxin and RANTES expression by the dermal endothelium is associated with eosinophil infiltration after
ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis.
Clin Immunol 95(1 Pt 1):51-61, 2000
75. Prens E, Debets R, Hegmans J: T lymphocytes in psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 13(2):115-129, 1995
76. Homey B et al: Up-regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-3a/CCL20 and CC chemokine receptor 6 in psoriasis. J Immunol 164:6621-6632, 2000
77. Fitzhugh DJ et al: Cutting edge: CC Chemokine Receptor-6 (CCR6) is essential for arrest of a subset of memory T cells on activated dermal microvascular endothelial cells under physiologic flow conditions in vitro. J Immunol 165:6677-6681, 2000
78. Keller M et al: T cell-regulated neutrophilic inflammation in autoinflammatory diseases. J Immunol 175(11):7678-7686, 2005
79. Singh SP et al: Human T cells that are able to produce IL-17 express the chemokine receptor CCR6. J Immunol 180(1):214-221, 2008
80. Blauvelt A: T-helper 17 cells in psoriatic plaques and additional genetic links between IL-23 and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 128(5):1064-1067, 2008
81. Nograles KE et al: Th17 cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways. Br J Dermatol 159(5):1092-1102, 2008
82. Hedrick MN et al: CCR6 is required for IL-23-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 119(8): 2317-2329, 2009
83. Zheng Y et al: Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature 445(7128):648-651, 2007
84. Schaerli P et al: Characterization of human T cells that regulate neutrophilic skin inflammation. J Immunol 173(3): 2151-2158, 2004
85. Schneider GP et al: The diverse role of chemokines in tumor progression: Prospects for intervention (Review). Int J Mol Med 8(3):235-244, 2001
86. Singh RK et al: Expression of interleukin 8 correlates with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 54(12):3242-3247, 1994
87. Addison CL et al: The CXC chemokine receptor 2, CXCR2, is the putative receptor for ELR+ CXC chemokine-induced angiogenic activity. J Immunol 165(9):5269-5277, 2000
88. Kim MY et al: Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells. Cell 139(7):1315-1326, 2009
89. Coussens LM, Werb Z: Inflammatory cells and cancer: Think different! J Exp Med 193(6):F23-F26, 2001
90. Lin EY et al: Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy. J Exp Med 193(6):727-740, 2001
91. Yao L et al: Contribution of natural killer cells to inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin-12. Blood 93(5):1612-1621, 1999
92. Bell D et al: In breast carcinoma tissue, immature dendritic cells reside within the tumor, whereas mature dendritic cells are located in peritumoral areas. J Exp Med 190(10):1417-1426, 1999
93. Fushimi T et al: Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha transgene attracts dendritic cells to established murine tumors and suppresses tumor growth. J Clin Invest 105(10):1383-1393, 2000
94. Curiel TJ et al: Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med 10(9):942-949, 2004
95. Balch CM et al: Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: Validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. J Clin Oncol 19(16):3622-3634, 2001
96. Kakinuma T, Hwang ST: Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and cancer metastasis. J Leukoc Biol 79(4):639-651, 2006
97. Müller A et al: Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410:50-56, 2001
98. Staller P et al: Chemokine receptor CXCR4 downregulated by von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor pVHL. Nature 425(6955):307-311, 2003
99. Orimo A et al: Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell 121(3):335-348, 2005
100. Fang L et al: CCR7 regulates B16 murine melanoma cell tumorigenesis in skin. J Leukoc Biol 84(4):965-972, 2008
101. Simonetti O et al: Potential role of CCL27 and CCR10 expression in melanoma progression and immune escape. Eur J Cancer 42(8):1181-1187, 2006
102. Narducci MG et al: Skin homing of Sezary cells involves SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling and down-regulation of CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Blood 107(3):1108-1115, 2006
103. Sokolowska-Wojdylo M et al: Circulating clonal CLA(+) and CD4(+) T cells in Sezary syndrome express the skin-homing chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR10 as well as the lymph node-homing chemokine receptor CCR7. Br J Dermatol 152(2):258-264, 2005
104. Arvanitakis L et al: Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein- coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 385(6614):347-350, 1997
105. Liu R et al: Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86(3):367-377, 1996
106. Gerard C, Rollins BJ: Chemokines and disease. Nat Immunol 2(2):108-115, 2001
107. Blauvelt A: The role of skin dendritic cells in the initiation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 102(5B):16-20, 1997
108. Kawamura T et al: Candidate microbicides block HIV-1 infection of human immature Langerhans cells within epithelial tissue explants. J Exp Med 192(10):1491-1500, 2000
109. Cooper DA et al:
Maraviroc versus
Efavirenz, both in combination with zidovudine-lamivudine, for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive subjects with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection.
J Infect Dis 201(6):803-813, 2010
110. Murakami T et al: A small molecule CXCR4 inhibitor that blocks T cell line-trophic HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med 186:1389-1393, 1997
111. Hernandez PA et al: Mutations in the chemokine receptor gene CXCR4 are associated with WHIM syndrome, a combined immunodeficiency disease. Nat Genet 34(1):70-74, 2003
112. Diaz GA, Gulino AV: WHIM syndrome: A defect in CXCR4 signaling. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5(5):350-355, 2005