IL-1α | Epithelial cells | Infiltrating leukocytes | Active form stored in keratinocytes | IL-1Ra used to treat rheumatoid arthritis |
IL-1β | Myeloid cells | Infiltrating leukocytes | Caspase 1 cleavage required for activation | IL-1Ra used to treat rheumatoid arthritis |
IL-2 | Activated T cells | Activated T cells, Treg cells | Autocrine factor for activated T cells | IL-2 fusion toxin targets CTCL |
IL-4 | Activated Th2 cells, NKT cells | Lymphocytes, endothelial cells, keratinocytes | Causes B-cell class switching and Th2 differentiation | — |
IL-5 | Activated Th2 cells, mast cells | B cells, eosinophils | Regulates eosinophil response to parasites | Anti-IL-5 depletes eosinophils |
IL-6 | Activated myeloid cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells | B cells, myeloid cells, hepatocytes | Triggers acute-phase response, promotes immunoglobulin synthesis | Anti-IL-6R used to treat rheumatoid arthritis |
IL-10 | T cells, NK cells | Myeloid and lymphoid cells | Inhibits innate and acquired immune responses | — |
IL-12 | Activated APCs | Th1 cells | Promotes Th1 differentiation, shares p40 subunit with IL-23 | Anti-p40 inhibits Crohn's disease and psoriasis |
IL-13 | Activated Th2 cells, nuocytes | Monocytes, keratinocytes, endothelial cells | Mediates tissue responses to parasites | — |
IL-17 | Activated Th17 cells | Multiple cell types | Mediates autoimmune diseases | Potential drug target in autoimmune disease |
IL-22 | Activated Th17 cells and Th22 cells | Keratinocytes | Induces cytokines and antimicrobial peptides | Contributes to psoriasis |
IL-23 | Activated dendritic cells | Memory T cells, Th17 cells | Directs Th17 differentiation, mediates autoimmune disease | Anti-p40 inhibits Crohn's disease and psoriasis |
IL-25 | Activated Th2 cells, mast cells | Th17 cells | Promotes Th2 differentiation, inhibits Th17 cells | — |
IL-27 | Activated APCs | Th1 cells | Promotes Th1 differentiation | — |
IL-35 | Treg cells | Th17 cells and Treg cells | Inhibits Th17 cells and expands Treg cells | — |
TNF-α | Activated myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial cells | Infiltrating leukocytes | Mediates inflammation | Anti-TNF-α effective in psoriasis |
IFN-α and IFN-β | Plasmacytoid dendritic cells | Most cell types | Major part of innate antiviral response | Elicited by topical imiquimod application |
IFN-γ | Activated Th1 cells, CD8 T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells | Macrophages, dendritic cells, naive T cells | Macrophage activation, specific isotype switching | IFN-γ used to treat chronic granulomatous disease |
TSLP | Epithelial cells including keratinocytes | Dendritic cells, B cells, Th2 cells | Promotes Th2 differentiation | Involved in atopic diseases |