Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2025

Authors

Rime Abbas, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Pulmonary Disorders

Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc, FRCP

Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco

Nervous System Disorders

Charalambos Babis Andreadis, MD, MSCE

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Blood Disorders

Kevin L. Ard, MD, MPH

Faculty, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital; Medical Director, National LGBTQIA+ Health Education Center, Fenway Institute; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Sexual & Gender Minority Health

Nayan Arora, MD

Associate Professor, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders

Patrycja Ashley, MD

Infectious Diseases Attending, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas

Viral & Rickettsial Infections

Emma D. Bainbridge, MD, MPH

Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections

Kara E. Bischoff, MD

Associate Professor and Associate Division Chief for Outpatient Palliative Care, University of California, San Francisco

Palliative Care & Pain Management

Michael J. Blaha, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Director of Clinical Research, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Lipid Disorders

Jill Brown, MD, MPH, MHS, FACOG

Associate Professor, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland

Gynecologic Disorders

Mandy Brown, PharmD

Associate Clinical Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco

Drug References

Hugo Q. Cheng, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Preoperative Evaluation & Perioperative Management

Peter V. Chin-Hong, MD

Associate Dean for Regional Campuses, Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial Therapy

Eva H. Clark, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine (Section of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Pediatrics (Division of Tropical Medicine), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

Viral & Rickettsial Infections

Russ Cucina, MD, MS

Professor of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine; Vice President, Genetic and Genomic Services and Chief Health Information Officer, UCSF Health System; University of California, San Francisco

CMDT on AccessMedicine—Information Technology in Patient Care

Marc A. Dall’Era, MD

Professor of Urology, Department of Urologic Surgery, UC Davis Health, University of California, Davis

Cancer

Lloyd E. Damon, MD

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine; Director of Quality for the Adult Hematologic Malignancies and Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of California, San Francisco

Blood Disorders

Tiffany O. Dea, PharmD, BCOP

Oncology Pharmacist, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California; Adjunct Professor, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Stockton, California

Cancer

Charles DeBattista, DMH, MD

Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Director, Depression Clinic and Research Program; Director of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

Psychiatric Disorders

Monara Dini, DPM

Associate Clinical Professor of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

CMDT on AccessMedicine —Podiatric Disorders

Tonja C. Dirkx, MD

Chief, Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System; Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon

Kidney Disease

Brigid M. Dolan, MD, Med

Associate Professor of Medicine and Medical Education, Division of General Internal Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Medical Education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

CMDT on AccessMedicine—Women’s Health Issues

Vanja C. Douglas, MD

Sara & Evan Williams Foundation Endowed Neurohospitalist Chair, Professor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco

Nervous System Disorders

Jacque L. Duncan, MD

Chair and Distinguished Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco

Disorders of the Eyes & Lids

Mazen El Ali, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Director, Sleep Medicine Fellowship Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh

Pulmonary Disorders

Sarah Adler Fink, RD, CDN, CNSC

Dietetic Internship Program Coordinator, Department of Food and Nutrition, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York

Nutrition, Nutritional Disorders, & Obesity

Paul A. Fitzgerald, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Endocrine Disorders

Meghan E. Fitzpatrick, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Pulmonary Disorders

Lindy P. Fox, MD

Professor of Clinical Dermatology, Associate Chief, Complex and Consultative Dermatology, Director, Complex Medical Dermatology Fellowship, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco

Dermatologic Disorders; Callosities & Corns of Feet or Toes (CMDT on AccessMedicine—Podiatric Disorders)

Lawrence S. Friedman, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; The Anton R. Fried, MD, Chair, Department of Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts; Assistant Chief of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston

Liver, Biliary Tract, & Pancreas Disorders; Cancer

Monica Fung, MD, MPH

Associate Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial Therapy

Robert H. Gaffey, MD

Obesity Medicine Fellow and Instructor in Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York

References

Monica Gandhi, MD, MPH

Professor, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital; University of California, San Francisco

HIV Infection & AIDS

Warren J. Gasper, MD

Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders

Armando E. Giuliano, MD, FACS, FRCSEd

Professor of Surgery, Linda and Jim Lippman Chair in Surgical Oncology; Director, Surgical Oncology; Associate Director, Cedars-Sinai Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California

Breast Disorders

Ralph Gonzales, MD, MSPH

Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine; Associate Dean, Clinical Innovation and Chief Innovation Officer, UCSF Health; University of California, San Francisco

Common Symptoms

Christopher B. Granger, MD

Donald F. Fortin, M.D. Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina

Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathy

Katherine Gruenberg, PharmD, MAEd

Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco

Common Problems in Infectious Diseases & Antimicrobial Therapy; CMDT on AccessMedicine—Anti-Infective Chemotherapeutic & Antibiotic Agents

Maahum A. Haider, MD, MPH

Swedish Urology, Seattle, Washington

Urologic Disorders

Richard J. Hamill, MD, FACP, FIDSA

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Staff Physician, Infectious Diseases Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas

Mycotic Infections

G. Michael Harper, MD

Professor, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California

Geriatric Disorders

Mitzi Hawkins, MD, MAS

Assistant Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco; Chief, Division of Gynecology, San Francisco Veteran Affairs Health Care System

Sexual & Gender Minority Health

Marah C. Hehemann, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Urologic Disorders

J. Janet Ho, MD, MPH, FASAM

Assistant Professor, University of California, San Francisco

Substance Use Disorders

Sara A. Hurvitz, MD, FACP

Professor of Medicine, Head, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Senior Vice President, Clinical Research Division; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

Breast Disorders

James C. Iannuzzi, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders

Leon I. Igel, MD, FACP, FTOS

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York

Nutrition, Nutritional Disorders, & Obesity

Kevin P. Jackson, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Director of Electrophysiology Lab, Duke University Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm

J. Ashley Jefferson, MD, FRCP

Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; Section Head, Nephrology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington

Electrolyte & Acid-Base Disorders

Kelly A. Johnson, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases; Medical Director, California Prevention Training Center, University of California, San Francisco

Bacterial & Chlamydial Infections

Meshell D. Johnson, MD

Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Associate Chair for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Blood Vessel & Lymphatic Disorders; Psychiatric Disorders

Marianne A. Juarez, MD

Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Disorders Related to Environmental Emergencies

Emily Kaip, PharmD

Pharmacist Specialist, Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center; Assistant Clinical Professor, University of California, San Francisco School of Pharmacy

CMDT on AccessMedicine—Anti-infective Chemotherapeutic & Antibiotic Agents

Todd Kiefer, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina

Coronary Artery Disease, Valvular Disease, & Other Topics in Cardiology

Elliott D. Kozin, MD

Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Physician and Surgeon, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts

Otolaryngology Disorders

Mildred Kwan, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Rheumatologic, Immunologic & Allergic Disorders

Rossana Lau-Ng, MD

Assistant Professor, Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

Geriatric Disorders

Andrew D. Leavitt, MD

Professor, Departments of Medicine (Hematology) and Laboratory Medicine; Medical Director, Adult Hemophilia Treatment Center, University of California, San Francisco

Disorders of Hemostasis, Thrombosis, & Antithrombotic Therapy

Chuanyi Mark Lu, MD

Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Chief, Lab Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California

Selected Pharmacogenetic Tests: Clinical Relevance (in Chapter 42); CMDT on AccessMedicine—Diagnostic Testing & Medical Decision-Making; CMDT on AccessMedicine—Appendix: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Laboratory Reference Intervals, & Commonly Used Blood Specimen Collection Tubes

Anthony Luke, MD, MPH

Benioff Distinguished Professor in Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics; Director, UCSF Primary Care Sports Medicine; Director, Human Performance Center at the Orthopaedic Institute, University of California, San Francisco

Orthopedic Disorders & Sports Medicine

Lawrence R. Lustig, MD

Howard W. Smith Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center & New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York

Otolaryngology Disorders

C. Benjamin Ma, MD

Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dr. Peter and Sophie Pappas Endowed Chair, V-nee Yeh Endowed Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

Orthopedic Disorders & Sports Medicine

Rebecca L. Manno, MD, MHS

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Rheumatologic, Immunologic, & Allergic Disorders

Umesh Masharani, MB, BS

Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Diabetes Mellitus & Hypoglycemia

Kenneth H. Mayer, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Co-Chair and Medical Research Director, The Fenway Institute; Attending Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

Sexual & Gender Minority Health

Kenneth R. McQuaid, MD

Professor of Medicine, Marvin H. Sleisenger Endowed Chair and Vice-Chairman, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Chief, Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System

Gastrointestinal Disorders; Cancer

Julian A. Mitton, MD, MPH

Medical Director, Zero Overdose

Substance Use Disorders

Paul L. Nadler, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine; Director, UCSF Adult Urgent Care; University of California, San Francisco

Common Symptoms

Jacqueline A. Nemer, MD, FACEP

Professor of Emergency Medicine; Department of Emergency Medicine; Medical Director, Clinical Documentation Integrity, Department of Quality and Safety, University of California, San Francisco

Disorders Related to Environmental Emergencies

Akinyemi Oni-Orisan, PharmD, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco

Unconscious Bias Reviewer

Neeti B. Parikh, MD

Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco

Disorders of the Eyes & Lids

Charles B. Parks, DPM

Associate Clinical Professor, Chief of Podiatric Surgery Division, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco

CMDT on AccessMedicine—Podiatric Disorders

Susan S. Philip, MD, MPH

Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Disease Prevention and Control Branch, Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California

Spirochetal Infections

Michael Pignone, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Vice Chair for Quality and Innovation, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine

Disease Prevention & Health Promotion

Lawrence Poree, MD, MPH, PhD

Professor of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco

Palliative Care & Pain Management

Erika Leemann Price, MD, MPH

Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Hospitalist, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System

Disorders of Hemostasis, Thrombosis, & Antithrombotic Therapy

Reed E. Pyeritz, MD, PhD

William Smilow Professor of Medicine and Genetics, Emeritus, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

Genetic & Genomic Disorders

Michael W. Rabow, MD

Professor of Clinical Medicine and Urology, Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine; Helen Diller Family Chair in Palliative Care; Director, Symptom Management Service, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco

Palliative Care & Pain Management

Kristin S. Raj, MD

Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

Psychiatric Disorders

Jessica Ristau, MD

Assistant Professor, University of California, San Francisco

Substance Use Disorders

Belinda Rivera-Lebron, MD, MS, FCCP

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Pulmonary Disorders

Scott W. Roberts, MD

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas

Obstetrics & Obstetric Disorders

Patricia A. Robertson, MD

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco

Sexual & Gender Minority Health

Ivan Rodriguez

Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

References

Vanessa L. Rogers, MD

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Vice Chair, Division of Education and Faculty Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas

Obstetrics & Obstetric Disorders

Nathan W. Rojek, MD

Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine

Dermatologic Disorders

Stacey R. Rose, MD, FACP, FIDSA

Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; Associate Director, Center for Professionalism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

Mycotic Infections

Nicole Rosendale, MD

Associate Professor of Neurology, Neurohospitalist Division, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco

Sexual & Gender Minority Health

Philip J. Rosenthal, MD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Associate Chief, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital

Protozoal & Helminthic Infections

Katherine H. Saunders, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York

Nutrition, Nutritional Disorders, & Obesity

Gerami D. Seitzman, MD

Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco

Disorders of the Eyes & Lids

Rosh Sethi, MD

Assistant Professor, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Otolaryngology Disorders

Ann Cai Shah, MD

Associate Clinical Professor of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Director, Cancer Pain Service, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco

Palliative Care & Pain Management

Alaa Shanbour, MD

Fellow, Interventional Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

References

Wayne X. Shandera, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

Viral & Rickettsial Infections

Kanade Shinkai, MD, PhD

Professor of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco

Dermatologic Disorders; Callosities & Corns of Feet or Toes (CMDT on AccessMedicine—Podiatric Disorders)

Katerina Shvartsman, MD, FACOG

Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland

Gynecologic Disorders

Karin Sinavsky, MD, MS

Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco

Palliative Care & Pain Management

Craig Smollin, MD

Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Medical Director, California Poison Control System—San Francisco Division

Poisoning

Mathew Sorensen, MD, MS, FACS

Associate Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle; Director, Comprehensive Metabolic Stone Clinic, Puget Sound Veterans Affairs Health Care System

Urologic Disorders

Matthew A. Spinelli, MD, MAS

Assistant Professor, Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital; University of California, San Francisco

HIV Infection & AIDS

Michael Sutters, MD, MRCP (UK)

Attending Nephrologist, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington

Systemic Hypertension

Teresa K. Tarrant, MD

Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina

Rheumatologic, Immunologic & Allergic Disorders

Philip Tiso, MFA

Communications Program Manager, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco

References

Carling Ursem, MD

Assistant Professor, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Staff Physician, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco

Cancer

Judith Walsh, MD, MPH

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Women’s Health Center of Excellence, University of California, San Francisco

CMDT on AccessMedicine—Women’s Health Issues

Sunny Wang, MD

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco; Chief of Hematology/Oncology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System

Cancer

Nolan R. Williams, MD

Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry; Director of Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California

Psychiatric Disorders

Leah J. Witt, MD

Assistant Professor, Division of Geriatrics and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

Geriatric Disorders

Tyler B. Woodell, MD, MCR

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

Kidney Disease

Scott Worswick, MD

Clinical Associate Professor of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California

Dermatologic Disorders

Jinoos Yazdany, MD, MPH

Alice Betts Endowed Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Chief of Division of Rheumatology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital

Rheumatologic, Immunologic, & Allergic Disorders

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