Stroke, Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Key Features

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Hypertension is the usual cause

• Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage occurs most frequently in the basal ganglia, pons, thalamus, cerebellum and less commonly in the cerebral white matter

• Hemorrhage may extend into the ventricular system or subarachnoid space, and signs of meningeal irritation are then found

General Considerations

Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

• Spontaneous, nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with no angiographic evidence of an associated vascular anomaly (eg, aneurysm or angioma) is usually due to hypertension

• Likely pathologic basis is microaneurysms 100–300 mcm in diameter that develop on perforating vessels in hypertensive patients

• Occurs most frequently in the basal ganglia and less commonly in the pons, thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebral white matter

• Extension into the ventricular system or subarachnoid space may cause signs of meningeal irritation

• In the elderly, cerebral amyloid angiopathy is another important and frequent cause of hemorrhage

  • It is usually lobar in distribution and sometimes recurrent

  • It is associated with a better prognosis than hypertensive hemorrhage

Other causes

• May occur with

  • Hematologic and bleeding disorders (eg, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, hemophilia, or disseminated intravascular coagulation)

  • Anticoagulant therapy

  • Liver disease

  • High alcohol intake

  • Cocaine and methamphetamine abuse

  • Herpes simplex encephalitis

  • Vasculitis

  • Moyamoya disease

  • Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome

  • Primary or secondary brain tumors

• There is also an association with advancing age, male sex, and high alcohol intake

• Bleeding from an intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation is primarily into the subarachnoid space, but it may also be partly intraparenchymal

• Hemorrhage can also occur into arterial and venous cerebral infarcts

Clinical Findings

Symptoms and Signs

Hemorrhage into the cerebral hemisphere

• Consciousness is initially lost or impaired in about 50% of patients

• Vomiting is frequent at the onset, and headache is sometimes present

• Focal symptoms and signs follow, depending on the site of the bleed

• With hypertensive hemorrhage, there is generally a rapidly evolving neurologic deficit with hemiplegia or hemiparesis

• A hemisensory disturbance occurs with more deeply placed lesions

• With lesions of the putamen, loss of conjugate lateral gaze may be present

• With thalamic hemorrhage, there may be a loss of upward gaze, downward or skew deviation of the eyes, lateral gaze palsies, and pupillary inequalities

Cerebellar hemorrhage

• Sudden onset of nausea and vomiting; dysequilibrium; ataxia of gait, limbs, or trunk; headache; and loss of consciousness that may be fatal within 48 hours

• Less commonly, the onset is gradual and episodic or slowly progressive, suggesting an expanding cerebellar lesion

• Onset and course can be intermediate

  • Lateral conjugate gaze palsies to the side of the lesion

  • Small reactive pupils

  • Contralateral hemiplegia; peripheral facial weakness

  • Ataxia of gait, limbs, or trunk

  • Periodic respiration

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