Histoplasmosis

Key Features

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Exposure to bird and bat droppings; common along river valleys (especially the Ohio River and the Mississippi River valleys)

• Most patients are asymptomatic; respiratory illness is the most common clinical problem

• Disseminated disease is common in AIDS or other immunosuppressed states; poor prognosis

• Blood and bone marrow cultures and urine polysaccharide antigen are useful in diagnosis of disseminated disease

General Considerations

• Acute histoplasmosis frequently occurs in epidemics, often when soil containing infected bird or bat droppings is disturbed

• Infection presumably occurs by inhalation of conidia

• These convert into small budding cells that are engulfed by phagocytes in the lungs

• The organism then proliferates and undergoes lymphohematogenous spread to other organs

• Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis is commonly seen in patients with underlying HIV infection (with CD4 cell counts usually < 100 cells/mcL) or other conditions of impaired cellular immunity

Demographics

• Endemic areas

  • Central and eastern United States (especially Ohio River and Mississippi River valleys)

  • Eastern Canada

  • Mexico

  • Central America

  • South America

  • Africa

  • Southeast Asia

• Cases are increasingly being recognized outside of endemic areas

• Chronic progressive pulmonary histoplasmosis occurs in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Clinical Findings

Symptoms and Signs

• Most cases are asymptomatic with no pulmonary symptoms or signs even in those who later have calcifications on chest radiograph

• Mild symptomatic illness: influenza-like illness, often lasting 1–4 days

• More severe illness: presents as atypical pneumonia, with fever, cough, and mild central chest pain for 5–15 days

• Physical examination is usually normal

• Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis: clinical manifestations can vary from a mild influenza-like illness to life-threatening pneumonia

• Progressive histoplasmosis

  • Fever, weight loss, prostration

  • Dyspnea, cough

  • Ulcers of the mucous membranes of the oropharynx

  • Liver and spleen are nearly always enlarged

  • All organs of the body are involved, particularly the adrenal glands, though this infrequently results in adrenal insufficiency

  • Gastrointestinal involvement may mimic inflammatory bowel disease

  • Central nervous system (CNS) invasion occurs in 5–10% of individuals with disseminated disease

• Disseminated histoplasmosis occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients

  • Fever and multiple organ system involvement

  • Presentation may be fulminant, simulating septic shock

Diagnosis

Laboratory Tests

• Elevations of serum lactate dehydrogenase (marked) and ferritin are common

• Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels are mildly elevated

• Anemia of chronic disease occurs in chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis

• Sputum culture is rarely positive except in chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis

• Antigen testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may be helpful in acute disease

• Blood cultures using lysis centrifugation methods or bone marrow cultures are positive in > 80% of immunocompromised individuals with disseminated disease

• Bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia may be prominent in disseminated forms

• Urine antigen test

  • Sensitivity > 90% for disseminated disease in immunocompromised ...