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Routine Blood Donation
Blood Groups
Blood Banking Procedures
Preoperative Blood Setup
Emergency Transfusions
Basic Principles of Blood Component Therapy
Red Cell Transfusions
Platelet Transfusions
Plasma Transfusion
Granulocyte Transfusions
Modified Blood Components
Irradiation
Leukoreduction
Washing
Transfusion Procedure
Transfusion Reactions
Transfusion-Transmitted Infections
Apheresis
COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma
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ROUTINE BLOOD DONATION
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Voluntary blood donation provides all blood products that are transfused in the United States. Donors usually are >18 yr old, are in good health and afebrile, and weigh >110 lb (50 kg). Donors are usually limited to one unit every 8 wk and six donations per year. A variety of medical conditions and behaviors may temporarily or indefinitely exclude a donor from donating blood; these deferrals are intended to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. Donor blood testing includes ABO/Rh type, antibody screen, HIV-1 and -2, HBV, HCV, Zika virus, HTLV-I and -II, and Treponema pallidum (syphilis). As of June 2020, the Red Cross began testing donated blood for COVID-19 antibodies. Donors who test positive for COVID-19 antibodies may be invited to donate convalescent plasma.
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Table 16-1 gives information on the major blood groups and their relative occurrences. For RBC units, type O is the “universal donor,” and AB is the “universal recipient.” For plasma units, type AB is the “universal donor” because it lacks both anti-A and anti-B, while type O is the “universal recipient.”
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BLOOD BANKING PROCEDURES
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Type and Screen (T&S): The blood bank tests the patient’s ABO and Rh type and screens for antibodies. If an alloantibody (an antibody formed in response to pregnancy, transfusion, or transplantation targeted against a blood group antigen that is not present on the person’s red blood cells) is found that would make crossmatching challenging, the ordering physician usually is notified. If the decision to transfuse is made before the specimen expires (typically 72 hr after collection), the T&S order may be changed to a T&C.
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Type and Cross (T&C): The blood bank performs a T&S on the patient’s specimen and matches specific ...