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Urinary cytology: often positive
Intravenous urography and abdominal CT
On occasion, upper urinary tract lesions are accessible for biopsy, fulguration, or resection using a ureteroscope
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Treatment is based on the site, size, depth of penetration, and number of cancers present
Most are excised with laparoscopic or open nephroureterectomy (renal pelvic and upper ureteral lesions) or segmental excision of the ureter (distal ureteral lesions)
Direct biopsy, fulguration, or resection is sometimes possible using a ureteroscope
Endoscopic resection indicated in patients with limited kidney function and in the management of focal, low-grade, upper tract cancers
Similar to urothelial bladder cancers, the use of chemotherapy prior to surgery may improve outcomes