Testicular Cancer

Key Features

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Most common neoplasm in men aged 20–35

• Patient typically discovers a painless nodule

• Orchiectomy necessary for diagnosis

General Considerations

• Rare, 5–6 new cases per 100,000 males in the United States each year

• 90–95% of all primary testicular cancers are germ cell tumors (seminoma and nonseminoma); 5–10% are nongerminal neoplasms (Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, gonadoblastoma)

• Lifetime probability of developing testicular cancer is 0.3% for an American male

• Slightly more common on the right than on the left, bilateral in 1–2%

• Cause unknown, but there may be a history of cryptorchism

  • Risk of development of malignancy is highest for an intra-abdominal cryptorchid testis (1:20) and lower for an inguinal cryptorchid testis (1:80)

  • Orchiopexy does not alter the malignant potential of the cryptorchid testis; it does facilitate examination and cancer detection

  • 5–10% of testicular cancers occur in the contralateral, normally descended testis

Clinical Findings

Symptoms and Signs

• Most common symptom: painless enlargement of the testis

• Sensation of heaviness

• Acute testicular pain from intratesticular hemorrhage in ~10%

• Symptoms relating to metastatic disease in 10%, such as back pain (retroperitoneal metastases), cough (pulmonary metastases), or lower extremity edema (vena cava obstruction)

• Asymptomatic at presentation in 10%

• Physical examination: testicular mass or diffuse enlargement of the testis in most cases

• Secondary hydroceles in 5–10%

• Supraclavicular adenopathy

• Retroperitoneal mass

• Gynecomastia in 5% of germ cell tumors

Differential Diagnosis

• Epidermoid cyst

Diagnosis

Laboratory Tests

• Serum human chorionic gonadotropin, α-fetoprotein, and lactate dehydrogenase

• Liver biochemical tests

Imaging Studies

• Scrotal ultrasound

• CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Treatment

Surgery

• Radical orchiectomy by inguinal exploration with early vascular control of the spermatic cord structures

• Scrotal approaches and open testicular biopsies should be avoided

Seminomas

• Stage IIa and IIb (retroperitoneal disease < 2 cm diameter in IIa and 2–5 cm in diameter in IIb) seminomas are treated by radical orchiectomy and retroperitoneal irradiation

• Patients with clinical stage I disease are candidates for surveillance (watchful waiting), single-agent carboplatin, or adjuvant radiotherapy

• Stage IIc (> 5 cm diameter retroperitoneal nodes) and stage III seminomas are treated with primary chemotherapy (etoposide and cisplatin or cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin)

• Surgical resection of one or more residual retroperitoneal nodes is warranted if the node is > 3 cm in diameter and positive on positron emission tomography, since 40% will harbor residual carcinoma

Nonseminomas

• Up to 75% of stage I nonseminomas are cured by orchiectomy alone

• Selected ...