Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii Infection)

Key Features

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Exposure to sheep, goats, cattle; some laboratory-acquired infections

• Acute or chronic febrile illness: headache, cough, prostration, and abdominal pain

• Pneumonitis, hepatitis, or encephalopathy; less often, endocarditis, vascular infections or chronic fatigue syndrome

• A common cause of culture-negative endocarditis

General Considerations

• Q fever, a reportable and significantly underestimated disease in the United States, is caused by the gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus Coxiella burnetii

• Human infection occurs via inhalation of aerosolized bacteria (in dust or droplets) from feces, urine, milk, or products of conception of infected animals

• Ingestion and skin penetration are other recognized routes of transmission

• There is a known occupational risk for animal handlers, slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, laboratory workers, and other workers exposed to animal products

• In the United States, over 60% of cases do not report an exposure to potentially infectious animals; drinking raw milk may be an infectious exposure

• Human-to-human transmission does not seem to occur, but maternal-fetal infection can occur

• Infection post-liver transplant has been reported

• Chronic Q fever is now termed "persistent localized infections"

Clinical Findings

• Asymptomatic infection is common

• For the remaining cases, a febrile illness develops after an incubation period of 2–3 weeks, usually accompanied by headache, relative bradycardia, prostration, and muscle pains

• Clinical course may be acute, chronic (duration 6 months or longer), or relapsing

• Pneumonia and granulomatous hepatitis are the predominant manifestations in the acute form

• Less common manifestations include

  • Skin rashes (maculopapular or purpuric)

  • Fever of unknown origin

  • Myocarditis

  • Pericarditis

  • Aortic aneurysms

  • Aseptic meningitis

  • Encephalitis

  • Orchitis

  • Iliopsoas abscess

  • Spondylodiscitis

  • Tenosynovitis

  • Granulomatous osteomyelitis (more often seen in children)

  • Regional (mediastinal)

  • Diffuse lymphadenopathies

• Culture-negative endocarditis is most common presentation in patients with persistent focalized infections

  • Risk factors include

    • Immunocompromised state

    • Preexisting valvular conditions

    • Male sex

    • Age above 40 years

    • Valvular prosthesis (mechanical or bioprosthesis)

  • Clinical manifestations of endocarditis are nonspecific with fever, night sweats, and weight loss

  • Sudden cardiac insufficiency, stroke, or other embolic and mycotic aneurysms can develop

  • Rarely, urticaria, edema, erythema nodosum, and arthralgias are reported

• New infection or reactivation of Q fever can occur in pregnant women and is associated with

  • Spontaneous abortions

  • Intrauterine growth retardation

  • Intrauterine fetal death

  • Premature delivery

  • Oligohydramnios (when infection occurs during first trimester)

Differential Diagnosis

• Viral, mycoplasmal, and bacterial pneumonias

• Viral hepatitis

• Brucellosis

• Legionnaire disease

• Murine or scrub typhus

• Kawasaki disease

• Tuberculosis

• Psittacosis

Diagnosis

Laboratory Findings

• Elevated liver biochemical tests

• Leukocytosis

• A fourfold rise between acute and convalescent sera by indirect immunofluorescence is diagnostic of the infection

• Real-time PCR for C burnetii DNA is helpful only in early stage of infection

• Diagnostic tests using Immuno-PCR and combining PCR with ELISA improve the sensitivity and specificity during ...