++
+++
Essentials of Diagnosis
++
Acute onset of inflammatory monarticular arthritis, most often in large weight-bearing joints and wrists
Common risk factors include previous joint damage or injection drug use
Infection with causative organisms commonly found elsewhere in body
Joint effusions are usually large; synovial fluid white blood cell counts commonly > 50,000/mcL (50 × 109/L)
+++
General Considerations
++
Most often due to hematogenous seeding of the joint; direct inoculation from penetrating trauma is rare
Key risk factors are
Bacteremia (eg, injection drug use, endocarditis, infection at other sites)
Damaged (eg, from rheumatoid arthritis) or prosthetic joints
Compromised immunity (eg, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, advanced chronic kidney disease, alcoholism, cirrhosis, and immunosuppressive therapy)
Loss of skin integrity (eg, cutaneous ulcer or psoriasis)
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of nongonococcal septic arthritis, accounting for about 50% of all cases
Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and group B streptococcus have become increasingly frequent and important causes of septic arthritis
Gram-negative septic arthritis is seen in injection drug users and in other immunocompromised patients
Staphylococcus epidermidis is the usual organism in prosthetic joint septic arthritis
++
Acute onset, with pain, swelling, and heat of affected joint—most frequently the knee
Unusual sites, such as the sternoclavicular or sacroiliac joint, can be involved in injection drug users
Chills and fever are common (but absent in up to 20% of patients)
Infection of the hip usually does not produce apparent swelling but results in groin pain greatly aggravated by walking
More than one joint is involved in 15% of cases; risk factors include rheumatoid arthritis, associated endocarditis, and infection with group B streptococci
Polyarticular septic arthritis is uncommon except in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or with group B streptococcal infections
Manifestations of prosthetic joint infection are influenced by whether the infection is early (≤ 3 months after surgery), delayed (3–12 months after surgery), or late (> 12 months after surgery)
Early infections
Delayed infections
Pain is common but only 50% will have fever
Most commonly caused by less virulent organisms, such as coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Proprionibacterium acnes, and enterococci
Late infections
Acute pain, swelling and fever
Often caused by hematogenous seeding of S aureus, gram-negative bacilli, and hemolytic streptococci
+++
Differential Diagnosis
++
Gout and pseudogout are excluded by the failure to find crystals on synovial fluid analysis
Chronic Lyme disease commonly manifests as inflammatory monarthritis of the knee, but the synovial fluid is Gram stain and culture negative
Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis commonly involve several joints
Still disease may mimic septic arthritis, but laboratory evidence of infection is absent