Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Download Section PDF Listen ++ For further information, see CMDT Part 9-04: Disorders of the Lower Airways + Key Features Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Acquired cases usually results from previous tracheotomy or endotracheal intubation Complications include recurrent pulmonary infection and respiratory failure + Clinical Findings Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Dyspnea, cough, and inability to clear pulmonary secretions Symptoms occur weeks to months after tracheal decannulation or intubation + Diagnosis Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Wheezing, a palpable tracheal thrill, or harsh breath sounds may be detected, but often not until tracheal diameter is decreased by 50% Diagnosis is confirmed by radiographs or CT scans of the trachea + Treatment Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Surgical reconstruction Endotracheal stent placement Laser photoresection