Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Download Section PDF Listen ++ For further information, see CMDT Part 25-11: Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders + Key Features Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ A syndrome of involuntary stereotyped movements of the face, mouth, tongue, trunk, limbs Occurs after months or (typically) years of antipsychotic treatment in 20–35% of patients Predisposing factors Older age Cigarette smoking Diabetes mellitus Atypical antipsychotics appear to be lower risk Symptoms do not necessarily worsen and may improve even when antipsychotics are continued + Clinical Findings Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Early signs Fine worm-like tongue movements Difficulty sticking out the tongue Facial tics Increased blink frequency Jaw movements Late signs Lip smacking Chewing motions Disturbed gag reflex Puffing of the cheeks Respiratory distress Disturbed speech Choreoathetoid movements + Diagnosis Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Differentiate early signs of tardive dyskinesia from reversible side effects of medicines, such as tricyclic antidepressants and antiparkinsonism agents + Treatment Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Emphasis should be on prevention by using lowest effective dose Stop anticholinergic drugs and gradually discontinue antipsychotic dose Clozapine is has been found to treat antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia Benzodiazepines, buspirone, phosphatidylcholine, clonidine, calcium channel blockers, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, and propranolol are of limited usefulness in treating dyskinetic side effects