Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content + Download Section PDF Listen ++ For further information, see CMDT Part 25-15: Sleep-Wake Disorders + Key Features Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Classification Breathing-related sleep disorders; see Sleep Apnea, Obstructive Narcolepsy; see Narcolepsy Kleine-Levin syndrome Occurs mostly in young men Associated with antecedent neurologic insults Periodic limb movement disorder + Clinical Findings Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Kleine-Levin syndrome Hypersomnic attacks lasting up to 2 days and occurring 3–4 times/year Awakening is accompanied by hyperphagia, hypersexuality, irritability, confusion Usually remits after age 40 Periodic limb movement disorder Periodic lower leg movements occur only during sleep Subsequent daytime sleepiness, anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment Restless leg syndrome includes movements while awake as well Shift work sleep disorder Occurs when there is excessive fatigue as a consequence of work occurring during the normal sleep period + Diagnosis Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Clinical or during a sleep study + Treatment Download Section PDF Listen +++ ++ Modafinil and its enantiomer armodafinil FDA-approved for treating the excessive daytime fatigue of narcolepsy, sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder Usual dosing is 200–400 mg orally each morning for modafinil and 150–250 mg orally in the morning for armodafinil Kleine-Levin syndrome: No treatment is known, although lithium can prevent recurrences in some patients Periodic limb movement disorder: Clonazepam can be used with variable results Shift work sleep disorder Modafinil, 200 mg orally each morning Common side effects include headache and anxiety However, appears to be generally well tolerated May reduce the efficacy of cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, and other medications by inducing their hepatic metabolism